------------------------------------------------------------------- F.A.C.T.Net, Inc. (Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network, Incorporated) a non-profit computer bulletin board and electronic library 601 16th St. #C-217 Golden, Colorado 80401 USA BBS 303 530-1942 FAX 303 530-2950 Office 303 473-0111 This document is part of an electronic lending library and preservational electronic archive. F.A.C.T.Net does not sell documents, it only lends them according to the terms of your library cardholder agreement with F.A.C.T.Net, Inc. ===================================================================== ISYS DOCUMENTATION ===================================================================== A warning from FACTNet's Technical Director. The ISYS documentation assumes it is being used on a local computer-- not remotely over the phone. There are fundamental differences. DDA (dynamic document activation) is not possible remotely for a variety of reasons-- most obviously, ISYS is running on FACT's computer but your word processor or image file viewer is on your computer. Image files can be downloaded from FACT to you, but it is not feasable to display them over the phone. That eliminates any possibility not just of DDA, but also of "embedded images" in text you view over the phone. All references in this documentation to the Isys TSR (the module that stays in memory and is activated by hotkeys) should be ignored for the same obvious reason: our computer is here but yours is there. The greatest use of this documentation to the remote user (via phone) will be in the logic of how to construct a query. The procedure is obvious to any user of "menu-assisted searches" because that option displays all of the logical choices (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) and puts them together for you. Doing it and observing your results is the best way to learn. The key to making Isys useful is: KEEP IT SIMPLE. The more you wander off into elaboration, the less actual work you will accomplish. "Concept trees" are constructed by the system administrator, not by the user of the system. Such references in this document may help understand what they are, but all instruction for building them is irrelevant to the remote caller. Likewise, most other "options" have been locked out by the system administrator for security reasons. Imagine what it would be like if Isys's synonom rings were different every time you logged on because other users were experimenting with them while you were away. If you focus on Menu Assisted Searches and Command-Based Searches then this documentation may prove beneficial. Most text on the system is OCR-produced and consequently contains many errors. Consider that when constructing searches. If you search for "Author Family Trust" then every letter in all three of those words, and both spaces, will have to have been recognized correctly by the OCR software or no match will be found. You can miss a lot of stuff that way. Try "author" alone, and if that produces too many hits then narrow it with "author" in the same paragraph as "trust." Experiment. What follows now is the ISYS manual, scanned and made into text by the optical character recognition (OCR) process. OCR is imperfect, so you will have to cope with countless "typographical errors." The result on this document appears to be good enough so you should be able to get the sense of it. ===================================================================== Finding Information d to locate relevant information. In a network environment, many people can use ISYS Query at the same time to find documents, if you have purchased and installed LAN Permits. ISYS Query is designed to be simple and intuitive to use, so that the benefits of text retrieval are available to all, not just those who are willing to master a new language or remember a series of commands. To achieve this, ISYS Query presents menus that lead you through the process of finding and browsing documents. This process consists of three stages: you tell ISYS what should be found; ISYS processes your query, presenting a list of documents as a result; you can then scan through the list, browsing any documents if desired, or {,o back to the first stage and change your query. While becoming familiar with the product you may decide to set up your searches using the menu-assisted option. As you gain experience, you may prefer to use the command-based option. which allows greater flexibility -- and speed -- in expressing your query. Most of the ISYS Query facility is self explanatory; the following sections give full explanations of the basic query features. Page 24 Page 25 Running ISYS Query Finding Information Finding Information Running ISYS Query. IsYs Query may be run either from the ISYS Menu. or installed as a memory resident utility (TSR). When installed as a TSR. the query facilities are available at the press of a "HotKey" combination. even in the middle of using another program. such as composing a letter using your word processor. To run ISYS Query, change your current directory in the ISYS main menu, until you are positioned on the database that you wish to query. Normally, there is only one database, and you are automatically positioned correctly. Select the "Query" option, which will start the IQ program. If you have installed IQ Runtime, or wish to integrate ISYS Query with a third party menu system or batch file, IQ can be invoked directly from DOS. For example, CD \ WP \ DATA IQ You may install ISYS Query in memory, so that you can call it up on top of other programs. Select the option "Load IQ as Pop-Up" from ISYS Menu. This will load the Query program into memory, and exit from ISYS Menu. To load from the DOS command line, append the LOAD parameter, IQ LOAD Once you have loaded ISYS Query, whatever program you are using on your PC, you may call up ISYS Query by pressing the "HotKey" combination, which is initially I. but may be changed using the Configuration program. To exit from ISYS Query, select "Exit" from the ISYS Query menu. If you are several levels deep within ISYS Query and wish to exit without moving back through all the menu levels, press Escape to immediately exit. Note that if you have ISYS Query loaded as a TSR, the "Exit" option exits from ISYS Query, but does not remove it from memory_. To _[gmove ~X3 Query from memorZ use the "Unload" option of ISYS Nlenu, or the Query menu. Page 26 Once you have invoked the Query program, the ISYS Query menu is displayed. On the top fight of the screen is the database name. If the database is not assigned a name, the directory of the database root node is shown instead. The name is useful if you have a number of databases, so that you always know which database index is being searched. As well as the "Exit" and "Unload" options on the ISYS Query menu, other options are listed that let you find information or tailor your Query session to your requirements. Command Based Searches displays a Search form. in which you enter the terms that you wish to locate, as described below. Menu Assisted Searches is provided for beginners and occasional users of ISYS who do not wish to remember the format of a search statement. Searches are entered using simple steps, typing in terms and choosing options from a menu. Query-by-Concept Trees may be set up by database managers with predefined queries. This may be used to represent a thesaurus, or a table of contents to the database. Occasional users can use these Concept Trees as a starting point for finding information in the database. Saved Query List Frequently used search statements can be stored in a library. This means that the search may be specified by selecting the query from the library instead of typing the search statement. Options provides a menu that allows the user to filter searches; switch between databases; and set up session parameters, such as the amount of information to display in a context listing. Page 27 Menu-Assisted Searches Finding Information Finding Information Menu-Assisted Searches The first stage in retrieving information requires you to specify a query. Selecting "Menu-Assisted Searches" from the main menu will lead you through a series of menus that help you to construct a search request. Once you select this option, two windows will appear on the screen, as illustrated in Figure 2.1. The Menu Assist tbrrn, shown in the top window is used to enter words and phrases. The bottom window shows how your search is being constructed. By watching the search commands building in the lower window, you will see how simple it is to enter queries directly through the command-based interface. The Menu Assist form is labelled "Find All Articles Which Contain:". ISYS is inviting you to type in a word or phrase. You could enter a single word, such as MANAGEMENT Or a phrase consisting of a number of words, MANAGEMENT BONUS MANAGEMENT BONUS SCHEME Capital or lower-case letters may be used. ISYS Query makes no case distinction, and words are matched regardless of their original case in the document. Once you have typed your word or phrase, press the Enter key. Two things will happen. The lower window will show how your search is building up, and the Operator menu will pop up, labelled "And Furthermore", as shown in Figure 2.2. This menu may be used to make your search more specific, allowing you to enter multiple sets of words and phrases, specifying that certain criteria are met. Figure 2.1 Menu-Assisted Search Page 28 Figure 2.2 The Menu-Assisted Operator Menu Page 29 Command-Based Searches Finding Information Finding Information Command-Based Searches Terms express which words are important in your query, whether you explicitly want them to be found, or to not occur in a document. Words and Phrases A term may be a word. such as 'elephant', a phrase, such as 'nellie the elephant', or the idea of a word or phrase, described later. Entering a single word or phrase will cause ISYS to locate all documents which contain that word or phrase, no matter where it appears. Multiple words and phrases can be combined together into more complex search expressions. MANAGER will locate those documents that contain the word 'manager' MANAGEMENT BONUS SCHEME will locate those documents that contain the phrase 'management bonus scheme' The most simple search expression is just a single word or phrase. A slightly more advanced search expression may consist of two words (or phrases) used together and separated by an operator. For example TEAM LEADER OR SUPERVISOR This search expression would locate all documents which contain the phrase 'team leader', or the word 'supervisor'. Operators allow you to build search expressions that very precisely state what you are interested in finding. Boolean Operators The following operators can be used between terms, and apply simple boolean logic, as described in the following table. OR Locates all documents which contains either one word (or phrase) or the other word (or phrase). AND The AND operator can be placed between two words or phrases, and locates all documents which contain both the first word (or phrase) and also the second. XOR The XOR operator means that you wish to find either one or the other of two terms, but not both. NOT The NOT operator can be placed between two terms, and selects all documents which contain the first term, but not the second. EXCEPT The EXCEPT operator is more specific than NOT. It works at a paragaph level, excluding paragraphs that include the second term. For example, DEFAMATION OR FRAUD AND PREPARATION OF BRIEF Range Searching The TO operator supplies range searching. It may be applied to alpha strings or to numbers, and is of most use when applied with th~perator. 30 TO 35 I~ AGE or 92/07/01 93/01/01 ORDER DATE which supplies a form of date searching, as long as the dates are expressed in year/month/day order. It may also be of use with alphabetic strings where coded systems have been established such as invoice numbers of the form MX93004. For example, MX93004 '~MX93015 Page 34 Page 35 Command-Based Searches Finding Information Positional Operators These operators take advantage of inherent structure in the indexed documents, the position of the words, and the order in which they occur. .. Both terms must occur in the text, and the first term must occur (followed by) before the second. Note that both terms may occur more than once, in any position in the document. Only those instances of the first term occurring before the second, and the second after the fu'st will be located. LABEL The LABEL operator identifies paragraphs that start with a given word or phrase, for example LABEL SUMMARY OF EVENTS IN The IN operator is an extension of LABEL, and can be used to take advantage of inherent structure in your documents. It means "in the paragraph labelled ..". For example HARDY IN AUTHOR // This locates terms within the same paragraph. By default, this means (near by) "in the same paragraph as". It may also be used with numbers as a word proximity operator. This is described in the next section. \\ Similar to 'near by', the 'in paras' operator locates terms appearing (in paras) within so many paragraphs of each other. It may also be used with numbers to specify a range of paragraphs. This is described in the next section. We recommend that you have blanks around the 'followed by', 'near by' and 'in paras' operators. For example, MANAGER / / BONUS You might ask how ISYS determines what is a paragraph in a document. This is determined by the text. In a word processing document, wherever you have ended text with an "Enter" (or Hard Return), this is interpreted as the end of a paragraph. In a Simple or Formatted ASCH file, a blank line is deemed to separate paragraphs, and a Source file is indexed as if each line is a para~aph. Finding Information Cornmud-Based Searches 7~(' It is possible to re-use search statements that have been typed in previously. This may be to change a spelling, or re-use a large part of an existing search statement. The Up and Down arrow keys scroll backwards and forwards through the search history. The previous 32 searches are held in a scrolling buffer. By default, the search history is held for the current session only. This can be changed using the "Options/Preferences" selection from the ISYS Query menu. Running tfi~QUi~ Once your query has been entered through the command interface, you can either press the Enter key to let ISYS accept and process your command, or the Escape key to quit. If you have made an error in the specification of your query, in other words, you understand what you mean, but your expression does not conform to the rules that ISYS can understand, ISYS will display an error message telling you what is wrong. You are then given the opportunity to correct your cormnand using the editing keys, and try. again. Once your query can be understood by ISYS, it commences retrieving the required documents. In all but the most complex of cases, this will be completed in a few seconds. ISYS displays intermediate resfilts as the search progresses; finally presenting a list of documents that satisfy your search criteria. How the results of searches are presented is covered in the next chapter. For more information on synonyms, truncation, conflation, punctuation, common words, and combining operators, refer to the next section. Cancelling a Search Normally, ISYS completes a search very quickly. However, if you notice that the search is not progressing well, either due to a misspelling, or too many words resulting from a wild card ending, you may cancel the search by pressing the Escape key. You will be returned to the Search form. Remember that you can use the Up-and Down arrow keys to recall previous search statements, and scroll your search history. Page 36 Page 37 More Query Features Finding Information Finding Information More Query Features There are many more query features. This section describes predefined queries, truncation, conration, synonyms and advanced use of operators within command based searches. 2.4.1 Predefined Queries ' ~! ISYS allows you to save frequently used queries for later reuse. This may be either in the saved query list. or as a concept tree. In general, private users develop saved query lists; while database managers build concept trees for the user community. This may be local network users, or the database and concepts may be published to remote users. A full description of the creation of these libraries is given in the Advanced Manual. Chapter 4. Query-by-Concept Trees These must be established by the database manager, using the ISYS configuration facilities. Within IQ, the predefined concept trees are displayed, as illustrated in Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5 Query-by-Concept Trees The tree is navigated using the Up and Down arrow keys. The level of detail displayed is controlled by the Right and Left arrow keys. These increase and decrease the levels shown. Additional information about the current concept is displayed in the Information Window at the bottom of the screen. To query the database, the user must position on the concept to use, and press the Enter key. A word or phrase may be added, that is either explicitly to appear in the documents. or to not appear. To exit from Query-by-Concept, press the Escape key. Saved Query These may be developed during a query session, and are saved in the tile ISYS.LIB. They have a short name, and a query expression, which may be up to 255 characters in length. Queries may be added to the list either by directly typing them in through the "Saved Query" option; or by saving a command-based or menu-assisted query expression. : Truncation ' If you are interested in a group of words, all of which staff with the same string of letters, but have different endings, you can use "wild card" notation. MANAGE * would include in the search all words which begin with the letters 'manage'. This might include 'manager', 'management', 'managerial', 'manageable' as well as the word 'manage'. The asterisk, indicating truncation, may be used anywhere within a word, except the first letter, Only one asterisk may be used in a word. You can use as many truncated words as necessary in a search, for example MANAGE* BONUS SCHEM* would match on any three word phrase where the first word staffs with 'manage', the second word is 'bonus' and the third word starts with 'schem'. This would include the phrases 'management bonus scheme', 'managed bonus schemes', and so forth. You should be a little careful in your use of wild card truncation, since matches can occur on more words than expected. For example, specifying T*D would match on all words beginning w'ith 't', ending with 'd' which may not ~ive a very meaningful result. Alternative Syntax: The characted/i~may be used instead of * to denote a wildcard. Page 38 Page 39 More Query Features Finding Information Sometimes truncation is not exactly what is required. You may wish to find all different fonns of a word, for example 'post', 'posted', 'posts', 'posting', 'poster', but not 'postera', 'post-haste', 'postgraduate', 'postpone', 'postulate' 'posture' etc. If you use tmncation, POST* all the latter terms will also be included. The answer is confiation, which understands about tenses and the standard rules of spelling. The tilde '~' is used to denote conration. POS~ will look for all words related to the word 'POST'. Note that conration need not be applied to the stem word. You could also enter POSTING~ which ISYS would strip back to the stem word 'POST' before applying conflation rules. Figure 2.6 shows an example of using a conflated term in a query. Figure 2.6 Applying Conflation to a Word Finding Information More Query Features Automatic Conflation When ISYS is first installed, automatic confiation is tumed off, and individual words can be conrated where required by appending the '-' character. However, some users might prefer to have all query words automatically conflared, and only indicate those words for which conflation is not required. This can be done by setting automatic conflation on. The setting is part of ISYS configuration, and can be accessed from the "Options" selection of the ISYS Query menu. Once automatic conration has been set on, any word mentioned in a query will also have its conrated equivalents retrieved. To specify that a particular word should not be conrated, append the '~' conration character to that word. In other words, the '~' character reverses the normal conflation action. When automatic conflation is off, '-' activates conration for a chosen word. When automatic conration is on, '~' prevents conflation for a chosen word. Conflation Limits The conflation facility is limited to standard spelling. This means that it cannot deal with irregular verbs, such as 'hold'. If you enter the term HOLD- this will match with 'holds', 'holding' and so forth. It will not match with 'held'. If you wish to cater for irregular verbs, or a foreign language, you will need to establish synonym rings for the cases that lie outside of the confiation limits. ISYS Query supports a thesaurus of synonymous terms. This may be set up, for example, such that a query on the word "Car" will also automatically locate "Automobile", "Motor Car", "Vehicle", etc. Unlike the common word directory, the synonym directory is initially empty. This is because synonym definitions are highly application dependent. What is a reasonable synonym in one scenario may be quite incorrect in another. The synonym definitions are maintained in a simple ASCII file named ISYS.SYN. This file may be edited using the ISYS Configuration program, to include and maintain synonymous terms that are relevant to your set of information. Up to 32Mbytes of synonyms can be defined, although large synonym files may seriously degrade performance. Each user can have a separate synonym file, and the synonym file can be changed at any time without needing to re-update the database. 7 Page40 Page 41 Nlore Query Features Finding Information Finding Information More Query Features Synonym Rings Synonyms are dealt w'ith as "rings", two examples or' which are shown below. Automobile Vehicle Computer Figure 2.7 Synonym Rings The first word in the ring is generally the preferred term, and is the term that ISYS uses to identify the ring when performing maintenance. In the example above, the preferred terms are CAR and PC. When a word is mentioned in a query, IQ checks the synonym rings to see if that word is defined. If it is, all other words in the same ring are automatically selected as well. For example, a search for the word AUTOMOBILE would also locate the words VEHICLE, CAR and FORD. It is valid for a word to be mentioned in more than one ring, as illustrated below. CAR, VEHICLE, FORD, PICKUP, HONDA, COUPE, MINI, AUTOMOBILE COMPUTER, PC, MINI, MAINFRAME, MICRO In this case, searching for the word AUTOMOBILE would operate as before, but searching for the word MINI would expand to all the synonyms in both rings, since the word MINI appears in both rings. Synonym rings can also include phrases, for example, CAR, VEHICLE, HORSELESS CARRIAGE, AUTOMOBILE In this case, a search for CAR would also look for tile phrase (not the individual words) HORSELESS CARRIAGE. Preventing Synonym Expansion Synonyms are included in a query, unless you turn off the automatic feature, using the Preferences option. To turn off expansion for a single term, postfix the term with a '+'. SMITH OR BUTCHER+ Just as confiation can be turned on automatically using the Configuration progam. automatic synonym expansion can be turned off. Note that the '+' works in the same way for synonym expansion as '-' does for conration. That is, if automatic expansion is off, the '+' turns it on for a word: if automatic expansion is on, the '+' turns it off for a word. Truncated Terms in Rings Truncated terms can be included in a synonym ring. Including a term such as MANAGE* will retrieve all words that start with 'manage'. The word MANAGE in a query will match with the ring. Expanded forms of the word MANAGE. such as MANAGEMENT, in a query will not match with the ring. Conflated Terms in Rings Conflation can also be used in synonym rings. Mentioning a conrated word in a synonym ring, such as MANAGEMENT- will retrieve all conration related words from the database, and will also match all conration related words in the query. That is, a query mentioning the word MANAGED would match the synonym entry MANAGEMENT~, since MANAGED is one of the conrated forms of MANAGEMENT. In turn, the synonym entry MANAGEMENT- would be expanded to all the conrated terms of the word MANAGE. This is extremely powerful, and greatly extends the power of a synonym definition without inordinate amounts of work on the part of the system administrator. It is also valid to have a single entry ring. This can be useful where the single entry is conrated, as it effectively turns on automatic conration for that word. For example, consider a single ring containing the word WALKED-. If the user typed a query containing the work WALKS, IQ will automatically retrieve all conflared versions of the word. This allows conflation to be automatically on for a defined word without using the Preferences menu to turn it on for all words. Page 42 Page 43 More Query Features Finding Information Finding Information More Query Features Maintaining Synonyms Synonyms are stored in the file 1SYS.SYN. They may be maintained using the ISYS Configuration program, or "Options" from the ISYS Query main menu. The "Synonym" option displays a window of the currently defined rings. Each ring is identified by the preferred term. A sample of this is shown in Figure 2.8. Add Edit Delete Purge This will prompt for a new entry to add to the existing ring. This will position within the Ring Entries window. Select the entry to change, or press Escape. This will position in the Ring Entries window. Select the entry to remove, or press Escape. This will remove an entire ring, and all entries. Figure 2.8 The Synonym Ring Editor The editor can support up to 300 rings, each with up to 300 entries. For synonym files larger than this, an ASCII editor should be used. This is described in the Advanced Manual, Chapter 8. The first entry in the Synonym window is "Add New Synonym Ring". When selected, this starts a new ring and prompts for the preferred term. The term may be a word, conrated word, or phrase. Once one or more entries exist on a ring, the Ring Action menu appears. This menu is used to maintain the ring that has been created. If no synonyms are defined, the Synonym editor automatically enters the "Add New Synonym Ring" process. Once you have started a new ring, or selected an existing ring to maintain, the Ring Action menu is displayed. This allows the user to choose between adding, editing or deleting ring entries. Alternatively, the entire ring may be purged. Page 44 The 'near by' operator, '//', and 'in paras' operator, '\\', have far more capability than described above. Used in its native form, '//' locates two words or phrases in the same paragraph, regardless of the order in which they occur, and regardless of how far they are from each other. It is also possible to specify a number within the 'near by' operator. For example MANAGER / 10 / BONUS will locate the words 'manager' and 'bonus' occurring within ten words of each other in the same paragraph. That is, they must be ten or fewer words apart, occurring in either order. You can also specify two numbers within the 'near by' operator, in which case the first number is the minimum allowable separation, and the second number is the maximum allowable separation. The use of a range of numbers still implies "in the same paragraph". Two words close to each other but in separate paragraphs will not be located. For example MANAGER/5,10/ BONUS locates the word 'bonus' from five to ten words after the word 'manager'. The numbers specified within the 'near by' operator can also be negative, for example MANAGER/-5,+10/BONUS locates the word 'bonus' occurring from five words before, to ten words after the word 'manager'. The plus symbol used in the above example is optional, and included here only for clarity. Alternative Syntax: The form MANAGER W/10 BONUS may be used to specify a maximum separation. This cannot be used to specify an "uneven" range, such as the latter example. You can also specify a range within the 'in paras' operator. This is use~Tn the same fashion as the 'near by' operator, except the range is in terms of paragraphs. not words. Page 45 Query F~atures Finding Information Finding Information More Query Features You can combine different operators together. For example, to locate all documents which mention manager bonuses, and deal with the tax implications of those bonuses, the following search expression could be used: MANAGER// BONUS AND TAX This search expression requires that the words 'manager' and 'bonus' be mentioned in the same paragraph (thereby eliminating false alarms due to job titles), and that the word 'tax' appear anywhere in the same document. To find documents that contain information on fringe benefits tax and car allowances for sales managers and representatives, you could enter FRINGE BENEFITS AND CAR ALLO~WANCE* AND SALES* ISYS will first find documents that contain the phrase 'fringe benefits'; from these it will select the ones containing 'car allowance' or 'car allowances' and so forth; finally ISYS will narrow this down to those documents that also contain 'sales', 'salesman', 'salesmen' etc. Any number of words and phrases may be used in a query, combined with more than one operator, to build up very specific search expressions. Figure 2.9 shows a complex query being entered. ISYS Query will simply work forwards through the search, dealing with each term in turn. Figure 2.9 Entering a Complex Search Expression Precedence of Operators It is not always clear exactly what is intended by a query containing many terms and operators. This can be illustrated by the following simple query BONUS ]L, ND IAAGER OR SUPERVISOR Does this mean that ISYS should find (i) all documents that either contain both ~bonus' and 'manager', or that contain 'supervisor', or (ii) those documents that contain 'bonus', and at least one of 'manager' or 'supervisor'? ISYS will in fact use the first interpretation, working through the expression from left to fight; however, the second meaning may have been intended. Just as we use intonation in speech to clearly express a sentence that could be misinterpreted, we can use parentheses to clearly express a query, over:riding the ISYS defaults where necessary. The first option above may be unambiguously entered as (BONUS AND MANAGER) OR SUPERVISOR while the second would be BONUS/LN'D (NANAGER OR SUPERVISOR) You can use any number of parentheses, nested to whatever degree is required. 2~41~)'~! ! Punctuation, Common and ReservedWOrds~ Punctuation When a database is tirst configured, a set of significant and insignificant characters can be established. beyond the normal range of text characters A -- Z and the international character set. Significant characters are included when a word is indexed, whereas insignificant characters are treated as if they do not exist in the text. Characters that have not been mentioned at all are considered punctuation, and will act as word separators. ISYS applies the significant and insignificant definitions in both indexing and retrieval. For example, if you had changed the default and declared the character '-' insignificant when creating the hatabase. both 'overcharge' and 'over-charge' would be indexed as 'overcharge'. When searching, you could enter either form, since they would be identical to ISYS. Using the default settings, "over-charge" would be considered the word 'over' followed by a punctuation character (the hyphen) followed by the word 'charge'. ' Page 47 Page 46 More Query Features Finding Information Finding Information More Query Features Common Words Some words, such as 'and', 'the' and 'is', will appear frequently within the set of documents that make up your database. To save index space, these words may have been declared "common", which means that they will not be indexed. If you enter a search expression that contains a common word, ISYS effectively removes the common word from the query and reconstructs the search command around the gap. Reserved Words The words 'and', 'or' and 'not' are ISYS search operators. Generally, these words will have been declared common to save disk space in the indexes, but for some particular applications you may wish to search for them, and so have not included them as common words. To indicate that the word is to be used as a search term, rather than an operator, include one of your insignificant characters anywhere in the word. For example, PEACHES _AND CREAM indicatesthatyou wantto search forthe phrase'peaches and cream', whereas PEACHES AND CREAM tells ISYS that you want to find documents in which both the word 'peaches' and the word 'cream' occur. When building a search using either the menu-assisted or command based form, some additional features are available from the Query Menu, illustrated in Figure 2.10. The Query menu is activated by pressing F2. ESC - Go lhck Figure 2.10 The Command Based Query Menu 'Sounds Like' Word Lookup provides a soundex style lookup facility, useful for locating surnames etc. Enter the word that is most like the actual word you want. ISYS will list any words in the vocabulary of the current database that match your request. Select the word you wish to use in the search. It will be added to the end of the query. Recall Previous Query will display the last 32 searches entered through the command based form. Select Saved Query will display the Saved Query List window. One can be selected to be inserted in your current query. Page 48 Page 49 Advanced Topics Finding Information Refer to the Advanced Manual for information on the following topics Saved query list Chapter 4 Query-by-Concept Chapter 4 The ISYS programming Chapter 4 interface Hypertext Chapter 5 Query macros Chapter 4 Query syntax summary Chapter 4 Displaying Documents The objective of entering a query is to locate documents that contain relevant information. Once you have found these documents, ISYS allows you to browse them; copy pieces of information for later use: and invoke your word processor to work on the document. These facilities are described in this chapter. Some of the ISYS tailoring options are also described in this chapter. Page 50 Page 51 Query Results Displaying Documents Displaying Documents Query Results The menu-assisted and command-based search options both achieve the same objective -- defining your search expression to ISYS. Once this is done, ISYS retrieves and displays documents that satisfy your query, resulting in a screen similar to that illustrated in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1 The Document and Hit Lists The Hit List, displayed in the right hand window, shows which terms have been included from the index to satisfy your query. The Document List, displayed in the left hand window, shows which documents have been retrieved as a result of your query. While using the indexes to identify relevant documents, ISYS posts information into a scrolling Hit List window. This shows the words in the search, and how frequently they occur. The frequency count will show either a number, or 'Common', or 'None'. Common words are not indexed, so ISYS skips over them while building the result. An entry of 'None' indicates that the word is not Common, but has not been encountered in any of the documents within the database. If your search includes a term with synonyms or with a wild card ending, that is, tmncation or conration, the Hit List window will show each word that has been included in the search Thiq will also tell you if you have retrieved an unexpected word. For example, a search including the term 'MANA*' may well include a word such as 'manacle' as well as words like 'manage', 'management' and so on. Query Optimization ISYS Query automatically abandons parts of queries that will result in a "dead end". The only observed effect is that some words mentioned in the query may not be displayed in the Hit List as their retrieval would have absolutely no effect on the final result. Browsing the Hit List after a Search If your search includes many words, the top of the Hit List may scroll out of the window before the search completes. You can always browse the Hit List once a search has completed, so this is not a problem. Once the search is completed, you will be positioned on the Document List window. You may switch between the Hit List and Document List windows using the Left and Right arrow keys. Using the Hit List for Another Search The Hit List displays how individual terms in your search expression have contributed to the overall result. As you browse through these terms, you may decide that one of the listed words is interesting in its own right. You can carry a word back to the search box. Position the cursor over the word, then press the Enter key. 3.1.2 After the query has completed, ISYS opens the Document List window showing you the names of all the documents it has found which satisfy your query. Note that the top line of tlie Document List window in Figure 3.1 tells you how many word occurrences have been selected, and in how many documents. The number of words selected is simply a count of the total number of words which matched with some part of your search. For example, when searching for a two word phrase, each word in the phrase is counted. The Document List also tells you how many words have been selected in each document, so you have some idea of which documents were very rich in the desired words, and which were not. To exit from the document selection window, as with all ISYS windows, just press the Escape key. Document Titles By default, the names displayed in the Document List window are the normal MS-DOS file names. It is possible to display document titles instead of names. By default, the document title is taken from the first non-blank line of the document, although this may be changed as part of database configuration, described in Chapter 1. To switch between displaying file names and titles, press the Tab key. Page 52 Page 53 Query Results Displaying Documents The document titles, or file names, may be longer than the width of the Document List window. The window may be re-sized to be the width of the screen, and back to short form again. The Ctrl key with Right and Left arrows is used to expand and contract the Document List window. Document Sequence The Document List is automatically displayed in the most useful sequence, that is, reverse chronological order. In other words, the documents are listed from newest to oldest. Most people are usually interested in the latest information first, as the most recent information may have superseded the information contained in older documents. The sequence of the Document List is not governed by the time and date each document was prepared, but by the order in which they were indexed by ISYS. Usually, these work out to be the same. The order in which the docun~ents are listed can be changed, as a user preference. described later. Key Summary The following table summarizes the keys that may be used when positioned on the Document List, in addition to the normal scrolling window navigation keys. Enter Enter Escape Right/Left arrow Tab RighffLefi Delete Browse document Activate Document Return to search mode Move between the Document and Hit Lists Switch between file names and document titles Expand/Contract the width of the Document List Remove document from Document List Advanced Menu While browsing the Document List, the F2 key pops-up the Advanced menu. This has facilities to print the Hit List; reorder the Document List; filter the Document List; and set preferences. Displaying Documents Query Results Pressing the Enter key while the selection bar is positioned over a particular document name in the Document List window will display the contents of that document on the screen in a Browse window as illustrated in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2 The Document Browse Window The window is positioned such that you can still see the original query which caused this document to be selected. Words which have been selected by the query are highlighted in reverse video. Note that you cannot edit the document with ISYS. ISYS will never alter one of your documents. You must use your normal word processor for altering documents. This can be activated within an tSYS Query session using the DDA facility. described in the next section. Layout Page 54 ISYS displays the text from the document. Some formatting (such as columns) and attributes (such as font changes) will not be shown in the Document Browse window. The start of each paragraph in the document is indicated by a small pointer in the left margin. ISYS will always start a new line at the start of a paragraph, whenever a "hard return" is encountered. It will also start a new line after 78 characters, which is the width of the Document Browse window. Page 55 Query Results Displaying Documents Displaying Documents Query Results ISYS recognizes tabs in most word processor formats. It sets default tab stops every six characters for the Document Browse window. This normally gives a fair approximation of the original appearance. If you use a great deal of complex formatting within your documents, remember that your word processor can still be used to browse, edit and print documents once ISYS has retrieved them. Positioning When documents are displayed, ISYS automatically advances to the first appearance of a selected word. The top line of the browse window displays the document file name, and an indication of how far through the file the current window is. For most popular word processors, this will be displayed as a page number, or page range. Documents less than one page, or unpaged documents will simply have a percentage indication. The right hand vertical margin displays arrows at the top and/or bottom, indicating whether there are more "Hits" above or below the current display. Moving Around Fhe following keys can be used to Up/Down Arrow PgUp/PgDn PgUp/PgDn Home/End Keypad 4+ Escape/Enter navigate your way around the document: Go backward/forward one line Scroll backward/forward one screen. Skip to previous/next screen in which a search term appears Go to start/end of document Roll backward/forward to previous/next document Exit from this document back to the Document List 'he Ctrl key combinations are useful for navigating through a long document which has only a ew selected words. The keys cause ISYS to jump directly to the next (or previous) screen which ontains a selected word. Sometimes there will be a slight delay when you use these keys, or ,'hen you tirst browse a document. This is caused by ISYS scanning through the file for the next elected word, but should rarely be longer than one second. Changed and Deleted Documents ISYS updates its indexes whenever the UPDATE utility is mn by the database manager. In between updates, your search may retrieve documents that have been changed, or even deleted, which you may attempt to browse. ISYS cannot display a deleted document, or a document which LAN security prevents you from accessing, and will issue a message to that effect if you attempt to browse one. If a document has been changed since the last time the indexes were updated, ISYS cannot be sure that your search terms are in the same place as the index indicates, or are even present in the document. ISYS displays a warning message. If you elect to browse the document anyway, it turns off the highlighting of selected search terms for the changed document. Document Handling Menu The Document Handling menu is invoked by pressing the F2 key while browsing a document. The menu provides access to functions to print the document, copy the document, highlight a portion of text, activate the original word processor (non-TSR only), and paste the document name (TSR mode only). age 56 ' Page 57 ;electing Text Displaying Documents Displaying Documents Selecting Text ['here are a number of text manipulation features within ISYS, such as Copy & Paste and )ynamic Hypertext, that work on portions of documents, rather than the entire text. The process ,f indicating the text that is to be used in the operation is referred to as selecting text. Once an .rea of text has been selected. one of the features that process a portion of text may be chosen. 3.2.1 ""~~ Highlight SeleCt:Area 'ext can be selected either from a document that is being browsed, or from the current session 2lipBoard. To start selecting text, press the '/' key, or use F2 to pop up a menu, and use the 'Select" option. highlight cursor will appear at your current position. The current position will be the top of the rowse window if you are scrolling backwards, or the bottom if scrolling forwards. The selection rocess does not start until you indicate where to start the highlight. This need not be at the eginning of a line. The cursor can be moved using the normal four arrow keys, PgUp, PgDn, lome and End, as well as Left Arrow and Right Arrow to jump entire words. 'igure 3.3 shows a portion of text being highlighted for selection. Position to the end of the text that you want copied into the Paste buffer. You may move forwards from the point indicated as the start of text, or backwards. To cancel the select operation, press the Escape key. Press the Enter key to signal to ISYS that all the required text has been highlighted. At this point, the Selected Text Actions menu is displayed. From this menu you can choose to print the text, save it in a file, place it on the ClipBoard, copy it into the paste buffer, or use it as the basis of a hypertext query. This facility is only available in TSR mode. The "Paste" option on the Selected Text Actions menu causes ISYS to copy the text to the paste buffer. ISYS Query will then automatically exit, returning you to your original program. A box is displayed, as shown in Figure 3.4, reminding you that you have text in your Paste buffer. You can paste the buffer text into your document by pressing the Paste "HotKey" combination, normally P. Figure 3.3 Selecting Text osition the cursor on the word at which you want to start selection, and press the Enter key. ,nce you have started the selection, the portion of text that you have included will be ighlighted as you move the cursor. Figure 3.4 Paste Reminder Message The reminder box is cleared once you press any key. However, the opportunity to paste does not rl;c.~nr~,nr Vn~ .m,,,q_y usich rn rnnvta rhP rl~rqnr nr cnnrin~e wnrkin~ on the dnc~rnent before you are ready to insert the copied text. You may use the paste feature more than once. age 58 Page 59 Selecting Text Displaying Documents The Paste buffer acts as a keystroke recorder, so that it is not dependant upon the type of word processor that you use. ISYS "plays back" all the text in the buffer. with capitalization and punctuation, and inserts an 'Enter' (Hard Return) at the end of each paragraph. If you use more than one word processor, this method will still allow you to copy text from indexed documents of one type, to documents that you are editing using a different product. During a paste, you may cancel the process by pressing the Paste "HotKey" combination a second time. There is a limit to how much information may be transferred in a Paste operation. This limit is 2,000 characters. Note that text can be pasted from the ISYS paste buffer into virtually any application. It should really only be pasted into a word processor or other product that will correctly accept a continuous string of keystrokes. If you have a large amount of text to copy, with complex formatting requirements, it may be better to use the "External Copy" function of the native word processor. "'5 Do not attempt to paste to the DOS command line. This will result in unpredictable commands being passed to DOS. Displaying Documents ClipBoard The ClipBoard is an area within ISYS in which information can be stored for later use. These pieces of information may be large or small sections of text from documents, or query results. such as a copy of the Document List. Specifically, all IQ "Advanced Features" operations such as context, names of documents and the Hit List can be directed to the ClipBoard. Additionally, selected text can be pasted to the ClipBoard. The ClipBoard can contain any number of items, and its capacity is not limited by available memory. The ClipBoard retains its contents until it is manually cleared, or until ISYS Query is exited. When loaded as a TSR, the ClipBoard retains its contents across pop-ups. ISYS also has a simple editor so that the ClipBoard can be used for making notes. The contents of the ClipBoard can be reviewed at any time. Press the F3 key, and the ClipBoard is displayed. You can even press F3 while a help screen is invoked, or in the middle of typing a query. All the items that have been stored on the ClipBoard can be browsed. The first item shown is the oldest, and scrolling forward displays subsequent items that have been saved. Figure 3.5 shows a sample display of the ClipBoard. The normal keys may be used to scroll the ClipBoard window -- Up and Down arrow keys, PgUp, PgDn, Home and End. Press the Escape key to exit from viewing the ClipBoard. age 60 Figure 3.5 The ISYS ClipBoard Page 61 ~iipBoard Displaying Documents Fhere are several features relevant to the ClipBoard. These are accessed by press'rag the F2 key ~'hile browsing the ClipBoard. The ClipBoard Actions menu is presented, as illustrated in Figure ~.6. This lets you clear the current contents of the ClipBoard; save the contents to disk or print; ~r select an area of text instead of the entire ClipBoard. Displaying Documents ClipBoard The ClipBoard may be edited, allowing you to make simple alterations, or use the ClipBoard as a notes area. The following keys are active: Del Delete a character End Delete to end of line Enter Insert a line Home Go to the start of line Home Home Go to the start of ClipBoard End Go to the end of line End End Go to the end of Document / Select text ISYS will warn you if you attempt to Exit the program without saving the ClipBoard contents. You may "turn off' this warning using "Options/Preferences" from the Query menu. Figure 3.6 The ClipBoard Actions Menu Clear ClipBoard will dispose of any information on the ClipBoard. Items on the ClipBoard are retained for an entire session. That is, until you exit from ISYS Query, or Unload the TSR copy. Sometimes you may decide to start afresh with an empty ClipBoard in the middle of a session. Write ClipBoard to Disk will save the contents of the ClipBoard permanently in a disk file. This will use a File Selection menu to determine the name of the file in which the ClipBoard is to be saved. The text file will be in ASCII format, regardless of the format of the original document(s). This may be printed later, or imported to your word processor. Select Text starts a text selection operation. This may also be initiated by pressing the '/' key. The process of selecting text is described above. Print ClipBoard will copy the entire contents of the ClipBoard to the printer. It is printed as it is seen on the screen, that is, font changes, embedded graphics etc. are not included. 'age 62 Page 63 ctivate Word Processor Displaying Documents Displaying Documents Activate Word Processor ?he Dynamic Document Activation facility allows you to jump from looking at a document ithin ISYS to viewing the document in the word processor used to create it. You may browse, tit or print the document using the word processor, then return to the middle of ISYS. his option may be selected from the Document List, by pressing Enter, or selected rough "Activate Document" from the Document Handling menu. gures 3.7 and 3.8 below show The Document Browse menu, and the document loaded into the iginal word processor, in this case, WordPerfect. This option is not available in TSR mode. The memory overhead is considerable, and you may exit from the current ISYS session and load the document into the word processor in a matter of moments. Select ESC GO Back Figure 3.7 The Document in the Document Browse Window ~en you specified your preferred word processor during the installation process, ISYS ~figured a default definition for DDA that is enough to start your word processor and load in document. If you are on a network, or wish to change the actions that DDA performs, you y decide to use the macro language to customize your configuration. Users indexing ,duct-indeterminate file formats -- ASCII, Source, RTF, FFI', I~C'A __ will n!so need to ~figure DDA (should they choose to use it) for their preferred text editor. This is described in Advanced Manual, Chapter 8. :e 64 Figure 3.8 The Document in tile Original Word Processor 3.4.1 The concept of DDA extends further than simply starting your word processor. ISYS is supplied with internal viewers that allow you to activate attached notes and graphics images. This facility is referred to as "annotation". You can attach any number of annotations to a document. They may be r text notes of up to four lines each, graphic images, and DDA scripts to start an external program. For example, to dial up a bulletin board. For full details, refer to Section 5.3 in the Advanced Manual. Page 65 Menu-Assisted Searches Finding Information The Operator menu can be used as often as necessary to build up a complex search. For example, you can search for all documents which contain not only your first specified word or phrase, but also another word or phrase. To find all documents that contain both the word 'manager', and also the phrase 'expense allowance', first enter the word 'manager' in the Menu Assist form. Then select the option for "AND". Now enter the phrase 'expense allowance' in the form. Each Operator menu option is explained below. AND which also contain ... is used to locate documents that contain both of the entered words or phrases, anywhere within the text of the document. E.g. 'manager' AND which also contain 'expense allowance' OR which contain ... is used to locate documents that contain either of the entered words or phrases. E.g. 'team leader' OR which contain 'project manager' BUT do NOT contain ... is used to locate documents that contain the first word or phrase but not the second. E.g. 'car allowance' BUT do NOT contain 'manager' Within a PARAGRAPH of ... is used to locate documents in which not only do both words or phrases appear, but somewhere in the text they are within at most one paragraph either side of each other. Notice that this is more specific than AND. E.g. 'accident compensation' Within a PARAGRAPH of 'penalty' In the same PARAGRAPH as ... is used to locate documents in which not only do both words or phrases appear, but somewhere in the text they are mentioned in the same paragraph. Note that this is closer than simply being within a paragraph of each other. E.g. 'manager' In the same PARAGRAPH as 'expense allowance' Within 10 WORDS of ... is used to locate documents in which both words or phrases appear, within the same paragraph, within ten words of each other. E.g. 'section 32' within 10 WORDS of 'ruling' Followed anywhere by ... is used to locate a word or phrase that is followed by another word or phrase later in the same document. E.g. 'technical summary' followed by 'zingphod mark 7' IN the paragraph labelled ... is used to find a word or phrase that is in a paragraph that starts with the word or phrase you enter as the label. E.g. 'Hardy' in the paragraph labelled 'author' Finding Information Menu-Assisted Searches You can continue to build up searches to whatever degree of complexity is required. The lower window shows how your search is being translated into ISYS commands. Figure 2.3 shows a complex query being entered. Figure 2.3 Building a Complex Query Page 30 Page 31 Menu-Assisted Searches Finding Information Finding Information Command-Based Searches If you change your mind while in the middle of constructing a search in Menu Assist, the Escape key can be used to step backwards through the options you have selected so far. Continue to press Escape until you are taken back to the selection that you want to change. Make your change, then press Enter to move forwards again. ISYS will remember your previous choices and offer these to you. Once you have completed building up a search, select the option titled "That's It, No More Conditions" from the Operator menu. Your complete search expression is displayed. From this point, ISYS acts in the same way regardless of whether you entered your query using the menu assisted method, or typed your request directly using the command based option. Most searches, other than the exceedingly complex, are completed in seconds. ISYS displays intermediate results as the search progresses: finally presenting a list of documents that satisfy your search criteria. How the results of searches are presented is covered in the next chapter. For more information on truncation, synonyms, conration, punctuation and common words, refer to Section 2.4, "More Query Features". Returning to Menu Assist Once you have finished with the results of the search, you will be returned to the Menu Assist form. Before this is displayed, you are presented with a menu that determines whether you wish to edit the previous query; or enter a new query; or return to the ISYS Query menu. Cancelling a Search Normally, ISYS completes a search very quickly. However, if you notice that the search is not progressing well, either due to a misspelling, or too many words resulting from a wild card ending, you may cancel the search by pressing the Escape key. The "Menu-Assisted Search" option is intended for beginners, and those who use the product infrequently. Once you become familiar with ISYS Query, you may find Menu-Assist tedious or too limited for very specific queries. The command-based query interface is a more direct way of expressing your wishes. Additionally, the command-based interface can handle subtleties beyond the scope of the menu-assisted interface. A command based query is built up of terms. which are the words or phrases that are of importance in your search, joined together by operators, which determine how the different terms should be related to each other in the text of the documents you want to locate. The "Command-Based Search" option, despite the title, does not drop you into a blank screen and expect you to remember a series of commands. You type your search expression directly into a Search Statement form, illustrated in Figure 2.4, instead of using a series of menus to build the expression from simple elements. The search is typed in using a simple computer-style language, with syntax and rules of expression. Figure 2.4 Tile Command Based Form The normal editing keys such as Backspace, Delete and Insert, are available while entering your search query. You can recall earlier queries using the Up and Down arrow keys. A query expression may be 255 characters long. A complete list of editing keys is given in the Advanced Manual, Chapter 6. Page 32 Page 33 L9 aSnd 99 a~nd 'Suo!l~louuP. pug s.xiu!I s3!qdg2g uo SI!L'lap ~oJ g 2aldgq3 'iI.,nueN paaugApV aql ol aaJaH 'sluatunaop ol q3gllg ,(urn noA: salrj sa!tld.a_g aql jo letllloj aq] sa!j!aads s!q.L :lutuao3 sa!qdnaD ,(aomatu uo sl!glap aaotu ~oJ g ~mdeqD 'ignueN paatmApV aql ol aaJaN 'gaJl? .,dg~s. g sg 'oagds >ls!p aaaj ~o 'Xjotuatu SIA!X ao SIA/it aagds Jo gu.r,4nm AZq s!ql saop 1I '(V(I(I gmsn mo paddg,xxs uaq~ ao) HS.L g sg papgoI uoq~ ,(aomatu jo N0I ,iluo ash m Xaani3 SXSi s,~xollg uo!ldo s!qAL :gll!cldl~Aag/joBaN (V(I(I pug) snualN Aaani3 SXSI oql uo suo!luu!qtuo3 aoloa aql agueqa ol no,( s~ollg s!q.L :uopez!tuolsn3 aolo3 nuatu ,(~an0 SjkSI aq~ jo aap~o uo!lgluasaad slo~luoD :aopaO nualAi SeasSOl ,(l.unaas Io o3tll3utL oJ.Iad .IoJ Llolaat!p Jo / pug OA.LIp luaaaJJ!p E XJ!dads ol tts$~ ,(tin no,( ~lao~lau ~ uO 'PaClVOq Jo 'palira s! SXSI uaq/tx luann3 s! ltql Llolaa.t!p aql u! palgala aau sat[I du~s aq~ AilgnnoN -salU ,,dt~s. u! '~s!p ol mo paggd aq ,(gtu sllnsa~ alg!pannalu! 's!ql qs!Idmoaag o~L 'az!s pol!m!iun Jo sls!I paaa!aDa s~olig S,kSI :iaolaaa!(I dg,4aS $ ',.~aAaN,, O1 uo!ldo s!ql qal!hxs 'S/Nit q]!.~. malqoad g aAtq no,( 13adsns noX JI ',(l!l!ln tLVCldFI oql Jo aaugttuoJjad aAoadm! ol put 'Hg.]L g se papgoI uaq~x pasn ,(aomam ItUO.IlUaAUO3 Jo lunotut atll ~3npa~ ol atuaqas uotsuudxa X.~omatu SIATZ/INIq atll Jo osn a,'fem ol Ah!l!qu aql suq SXSI :a~es71 SIA~3 'punas aql olqes!p m no,( s~o[ig s!tt.L 'sagessaw '= pun aoJ-ja omtug~ ,(utdmoaat ol daaq g saanpmd SXSI :PunaS .,ouoN. ol s!tll los o] aajoad Xetu no,( 'uaaaas s3!qdtag omoaqaouotu t aA.q noX JI 'suaaaas amoJtlaouotu uo lqg!iqg.rq pug ~olo3 algu!s ao Uolo3 ljoddns ltq] suaa~as asoql uo aoloa u! pa,(gtds!p oat Xaani3 SXSI u~ snuam atLL :iMds!(I ~xolaq paq.uasap aae samatuexed ~tl.L 'UOpp.waAO aq O1 saanll-~aj 3g!a~ds shxolle ptre '9sn aat~pagq J;aAO 10JltlO3 Sap!AOJd s!LLL 'rIH~m HIeUA S]xSI atll Jo uo9do ,,uoge~n2guo3. ati1 ao 'uoguangt3uo3 ~asn t dn ]as m pasn aq ,(urn ,,suogdO. uog3alas nuam ,Oan~ SXSI atLL ':taC'S.,kSI u! pptt an~, suo.tldo asatLL 'pa,(Elds!p s! is!'] luotun3oCI atD q3!q,,,x u! ~apao aql su q3ns 'suogdo Xelds!p sapni3u! q3!q~ 'uopu~n~L. luo3 p,xa[ aasn soq.u3sap suo~dtO .l~fl s'luaum3oa l~u.~Idn.(I smatunao(l 8u!~ulds!O suopdO f~ a~ed ash ol lunu~;u~ q3!q,x ~aou:t m~ IP. ql os s~aqtunu afed se Ip~ se. s~aqtunu -~aldl:tt3 sapn13u! ptlP 13s uo!luluattln3op al!lua aql sapn13u! IP, nuP. m s!ql Jo 2t3P, q aql 11~ xapu! aq~L 't' ol I s~oldPt13 'ap!n[) lieIS Xsu~l II'.t|l attlllssl'. sltl,~luo3 aq.l. ',~p!n!) uulS ~s~.q 'q3ns sV 'las ut~!lnlu,~ttln3{~p SASI i~laldmo3 aql Jo spll~xuo 17 ~aldeqZ) s! lunulqAi pa3unApV s!tl~L aloN uo!leluetunooa LsenO paoueApV Page 82 Advanced Query This chapter assumes that you are familiar with the basic search c~mcepts describect in Easy Start Guide. This choppier pre~enls a summary ~1' the query synlax: describes query-by-concept and saved query lists. The ISYS Pr~gramn~ing Interface is described, and examples of its use given. Documentation Note This Advanced Manual is Chapter 4 onwards of the complete ISYS d~ctm~eutation set. As such, the page numbering continues from the end of the Easy Start Guide. The contents assume lhat y~u are familiar with the basic concepts covered in the Easy Start Guide, Chapters I to 3. The index at the back of this manual includes the entire documentation set and includes chapter numbers as well as page numbers so that you know which manual to use. Page 83 ~arrh Rcquesl Stmm~try Advanced Query 'he following specification defines the full set of fealures that may be used in a search request. all the functionality is offered throfigh the menu-assisted facility. AND OR NOT XOR EXCEPT Xx,y\ /x,y/or W/n IN lABEl, TO Both terms must occur in the same document. At least one of the terms must occur in a document. The first tenn must occur, and the second not be present in a document. One bul not both of the terms must occur in the document. The first term must occur in the document, but the second must not be in the same paragraph as the first. (Followed By) Both terms must occur in a document, and the first term must appear before the sec{md. (In Paras) Both terms must occur in the same d~vcument. The terms must occur within the specified number of pdragraphs of each other. In lhe range, y defaults to I and x defaults to -y. (Near By) Both terms must occur in the same paragraph. The terms must appear within the specified number of words of each other. !n the range, y defaults to the paragraph limit, and x defaults to -y. There is no default for n. The first term must appear in a paragraph that starts with the second. The document must contain a paragraph that starts with the term. Specifies au alphabetic or humeric range to find. ,or.v ~ + Truncation, any number of significant characters. Reverse the meaning of the automatic conflation setting. Reverse the meaning of the automatic synonym expansion setting. age 84 Advanced Query Search Requesl Summar.~ 4.13 Common Words Comm{m words i, a query ;u'c removect. anti ISYS rec<~nslrttcls lht- scarc'h. If :~ c~mm~m w~rtl is in a phrase, such as BESIDE THE ROAD ISYS will turn this into BESIDE/2,2/ROAD When combined with a boolean or proximity operator. it is completely ign~red. so lhat MANAGER AND THE becomes MANAGER md Words The operators listed above are all reserved words. To include them as a search tenn. rather tha~ as an operator, include an insignificant character as pan of the word. for example POSTAGE AND ~LABEL Additionally, the '/' and '\' characters are operators. If you have these detined as significant. and wish to search for them, enclose the string in quotes. This prevents ISYS from interpreling the string. "16/01193" IN ORDER DATE ISYS will assume a default precedence, that is, an order for doing things unless told otherwise. The default precedence is as follows 1 ) Phrases 2)//, LABEL, IN, EXCEPT, TO 3) \\ 4) .... AND, OR, NOT Where a search expression (or portion of an expression) contains several ~perators of the same type, ISYS will process from left to right. Page 8~ ~rch Reqnesl ,~,ummary Advanced Query ~is means lhal the simple request BONUS AND MANAGER OR SUPERVISOR II be inlerpretcd as "find all d~~cunlents lhat ct~ntain both 'b{~nt~s' and 'nlanager'. or that ntain the w~rcl 'supervisor'. To find Illosc docun~ents that conlain 'b~mus', and at least one ~ff anager' or 'supervisor', the search could be expressed as MANAGER OR SUPERVISOR AND BONUS ~e~eses ing the menu-assisted facility l~ enter a search requesl, you have no control beyond the ;ndard precedence shown above. However, entering a search through the command-based :ility, you may impose your own order of processing. Just as we use intonation in speech to :arly express a sentence that could be misinterpreted, we can use parentheses to clearly express luery, over-riding the ISYS dehults where necessary. r example, the expression CAR ALLOWANCE //MANAGER OR SALESMAN interpreted using the default precedence rules as ((CAR ALLOWANCE) //MANAGER) OR SALESMAN Ice lhe phrase 'car allowance' has highest precedence, and the 'near by' operator has higher 2cedenee than the 'OR' operator. , locale those documents containing the phrase 'car allowance' in the same paragraph as either lanager' t~r 'salesnlan'. use CAR ALLOWANCE// (MANAGER OR SALESMAN) rentheses may be used anywhere sensible within a query. Examples are (MANAGER OR SUPERVISOR) //BONUS THE QUICK (BROWN OR RED) FOX THE (QUICK OR SLOW) BROWN (FOX OR WOMBAT) (MANAGE* // (BONUS* OR REWARD) // PAID) AND EXCESS* PET HATES ... (ALLIGATOR OR CROCODILE) (HARDY OR SALINGER OR AUSTEN) IN AUTHOR AND YOUTH- IN SUBJECT ~ge 86 Advanced Query Saveel Qilcr.~ I,isl Iss Query supports a saved query list which c~mlains queries that may bc nln on a regular basis. These queries are given a name, and kept in a lile between sessi~ms. The saved query facility is invoked from the ISYS Query menu. When the saved query facility is invoked, ISYS displays any saved queries in the Saved Qnc~ List window. This shows the name assigned to each query, and the actual ISYS search command. This is illustrated in Figure 4.1. If there are no queries in the list, ISYS jumps into the l'om~ to create a new saved query. This is described below. Figure 4. I Saved Query List Window The Saved Query window can be scrolled using the normal cursor keys. To select a query. use the scrolling keys to position on the name. Pressing the Enter key will cause that query to be processed. To exit from the Saved Query window back to the ISYS Query menu, press the Escape key. Page 87 c, aved Query l~ist Advanced Query 4.2.2 Maintaining Saved Queries :r{m~ time 1~~ time you may wish to add new queries to the lisl, chauge existing ones, or even 'cmove them. The n~enu lhal provides these facilities is accessed by pressing the F2 key when ~rowsing lhc Saved Query window. The Saved Query Actions ulcnu that appears is illustrated in :igure 4.2. Up to 20 queries may be kept in the list. Figure 4.2 Saved Query Actions Menu Add a Query Edit a Query l't~ create a query. you mttst enter a 11~11/1c. allcl the actttal search c~mmand. This command may be up to 255 characters in Icugth. I'ress the Enter key to confirm this entry as a new saved query. or press the Escape key to cancel the process. ISYS does not validate that the quc~ is correct and understandable wllen you enter it. This is performed when you select and run a query. It' there are no queries in the list, you are auton~atically positioncd on the Add New Query i'orm wllcn you choose "Saved Query" from the ISYS Query roenit. Change the query {~n wllich yotl am posilio~ed in tim Saved Query wiud~w. TIle name and query are displayed in the Edit Saved Query li>rm, and you may cllange either or both o1' tim ficltts. Press the Enler key to accept the changes, or press the Escape key to cancel the changes. Page 88 4. Advanced Query Saved Query last Move a Query Delete a Query The saved queries are displayed in fl~e order that riley are created. You may wish to move a more freqnenlly used query to the top of the list. This is done using the "Move" option. The query on which you are positioned will be moved. Using the arrow keys, position the cursor on the line that you wish the query to filllow, and press the Enter key. The query is moved from its old position, to the slot following the query on which you are positioned when you press Enter. To cancel a move, press the Escape key, instead of the Enter key. Remove the query that you are posifioned on in lhe Saved Query window. Once you have deleted the query, it is removed from the list. There is no c{mfinnation step. If you delete the wrong eutry, quit from the Saved Query window, and do not save the changes. After each action, you are returned to the Saved Query List window. Saving the List The saved query list is stored between sessions. It is kept in a file nauled ISYS,I,IB, which is found using the ISYS database location strategy. If you make changes to tile stored queries, ISYS will prompt whether you wish to save these changes back into the ISYS.IJB file. If you do not wish to keep the changes, you may discard them by selcding the "t rndo" option. There is also an option to allow you to continue making changes. rather than exiting from the stored query facility. Page 89 Saved Qucr.~ I.ist Advanccd Query Advanced Query Qut, r.x-by-( 'onct'pt Trees 4.2.3 Query Macros Saycol queries inay be selected ~lncl run fr<>lll the Saveel Query List, or can ~ usel in search requests by profixing the name of the query with the '%' character. For example. %INTEREST In (SUBJECT OR TITLE) where the saved query named 'jutcrest' is BUTTERFLY OR MOTH OR LEPIDOPTERAN hCCOI110S BUTTERFLY OR MOTH OR LEPIDOPTERAN IN (SUBJECT OR TITLE) Note that if' the name of the query contains spaces or other punctuation or insignificant characters. these are stripped out for the purposes of matching. If more than one entry in the list matches, the first will be used. For convenience, the Query menu allows you to browse and select a Saved Query for inclusion in a command based or menu assisted search. 4.2.4 Figure 4.3 shows a sample of the Saved Query List file. This may be edited using an ASCII editor. The name of the query is on the left hand side, and the actual query on the right of the equals sign (=). Mymems = futcher or jmf \3\ label from Ins = in subject or in re Bldg = facade or 23 willjams rd or structure or ilremises Figure 4.3 Sample ISYS. LIB File Page 90 Apprt~aching a flail tcxt database can be a difi'icnll experience tin' a ncwctm~cr. Wilhi~ul a s~lid idea of wbat inti~m~ation is actually contained in the database, it can bc dil]'icull 1{~ kni~w what tillcries yon can successfully pose. QueU-by-Concept solves this problem. This l~aturc extends the power of stored queries. It allows a database manager or designer to prodefine a sel of flucries that users may nm against the database indcx. Ilsing concepts, a database manager can set up the equivalent or' a corporate Ihcsaurus, or a database table of contents, or simply an outline of the inforn~ation hclcl in the database. The feature is implemented in two parts ~ the Concept selection of the ISYS Contiguration program provides maintenance facilities; the Query-by-Concept selection of the ISYS Qnery main menu displays the trees, and allows the user to select a concept as a query. Both the maintenance and query parts display the concept trees in an indeutcd diagrammalic format. as illustrated in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4 Query-by-Concept Trees The screen is divided into two pans. The, larger. upper part shows a diagram of the stored concept trees. The lower part shows inforo~ation about the currently selectcd concept. Each lrce may be structured hierarchically, with more definitive concepts included as lower levels to more general concepts. The levels are displayed indented across the screen. Page 91 Yser Options Displaying Docun~ents Displaying Documents User Options ghe ISYS program can be configured to fit in with your specific environment. This section escribes user level configuration, which includes display options, such as the order in which the ~ocument List is displayed. These options are held in ISYS.DEF. The ISYS Query menu selection Options" may be used to set up a user configuration, or the "Configuration" option of the ISYS rain menu. his provides control over hardware use, and allows specific features to be overridden. The arameters are described below. Display: The menus in ISYS Query are displayed in color on those screens that support color, or single color and highlight on monochrome screens. If you have a monochrome graphics screen, you may prefer to set this to "Mono" Sound: ISYS produces a beep to accompany error and warning messages. This allows you to disable the sound. ENIS Usage: ISYS has the ability to make use of the LIM/EMS memory expansion scheme to reduce the amount of conventional memory used when loaded as a TSR, and to improve performance of the UPDATE utility. If you suspect you have a problem with EMS, switch this option to "Never". Swap Directory: ISYS allows retrieved lists of unlimited size. To accomplish this. intermediate results may be paged out to disk, in "swap" files. NoNally the swap files are created in the directory that is current when ISYS is called, or LOADed. On a network you may wish to specify a different drive and / or directory for performance or security reasons. Menu Order: Controls presentation order of the ISYS Query menu. Color Customization: This allows you to change the color combinations on the ISYS Query Menus. TSR (and DDA) Memory Swapping: This option allows ISYS Query to use only 10K of memory when loaded as a TSR (or when swapped out using DDA). It does this by making use of spare EMS or XMS memory, or free disk space, as a "swap" area. Refer to the Advanced Manual, Chapter 8 for more details on memory. Graphics Format: This specifies the format of the graphics files you may attach to documents. Refer to the Advanced Manual, Chapter 5 for details on graphics links and annotations. Context: The context scope defines the mount of text to be displayed in a context listing: This may be specified in number of lines either side of each hit, or set to the entire paragraph. The default is one line either side. If you set the number of lines to zero, a context display includes only the relevant line. Sort: The default sequence of documents displayed in the Document List window after a query. By default, the documents are presented in reverse order of when they were indexed. This means that the most recently indexed information is presented first. This order may be changed to present the documents in the order of number of hits, document size, full file name, file extension or date/time stamp. Names: This determines whether documents should, by default, be identified by DOS file name or Document Title. You may switch on the Document List using the Tab key. Zoom: This determines whether the document selection screen should, by default, be presented next to the Hit List, or occupy the entire width of the screen. Printer Preferences: This allows you to customize any printing from ISIS. By default, ISYS sends printer output to the standard PRN: device. paginated at 57 lines per page, with a page eject at the end of the print. To change these settings, for example to support a postscript printer. use this menu. Full details of all the options are given in the Advanced Manual, Chapter 8. Recall: This determines whether the search history is saved from one IQ session to another. By default, the search history is lost between ISYS Query sessions. When set to "Save Between Sessions", a directory and file name must be nominated. By default, the file is named ISYS.RCL. Synonyms: This determines whether to automatically include synonymous terms in a search expression. The default is "Yes". Conration: This determines whether to automatically conrate terms in a search expression. The default is "No". ClipBoard: The ISYS ClipBoard is cleared between sessions. This determines whether ISYS warns you to save any ClipBoard contents when exiting from a query session. tge 66 Page 67 Query-by-Concept Trees Advanced Query The level ,,ff detail may be expanded to show more delailed information, and contracted to save screen space. A marker (}) against a concept name indicates that more detailed levels have been defined. The path that has been followed t~ reach the current conccpl entry is highlighted. Up to 2,048 concepts may be defined. The level of detail may be from one, the highest level, to seven, the most detailed level. Moving Around The entries on the screen can be seen as an outline of the information to be conveyed. More detailed levels are hidden, uutil the you expand a concept. The lower levels are then visible until you hide them away by contracting the display. Since the display can be expanded and contracted to show more or less level of detail, the nor~nal ISYS scrolling keys have a slightly different meaning. Up/Down Move to the previous/next visible concept. Left Move up a level and decrease the level of detail. Right Move down a level, and increase the level of detail by one. PgUp/PgDn Move to the previous/next first level (left hand side) tree, contracting the current tree. Home/End Move to the firsl/last first level tree, contracting the current one. F2 Display an action menu. The available options depend upon the current mode. Tab Expands out all the more detailed levels under the current concept. Backspace Contracts in all the lower levels under the entry on which you are positioned. Concept Components Each tree consists of one or more concepts, generally organized from a general to more detailed level. Each concept is made up of several parts, described below. Name A descriptive label, up to 40 characters in length. Upper and lower case characters may be used. Quer~ Expression Any valid ISYS query, that is used to interrogate the database index. If no query is included, the concept is still displayed. However, the user may not select it for query. -h Advanced Query Query-by-( 'oncept Trees Infi~rmation [lp to four lines ol' additional inli~rmation~ which is displayed in the inlbrmation window. llppcr and lower case characters may be used. For example, if you implement a thesaurus, you could enter "See Also" terms and "Sco~ Notes" here. Alternatively, you could create a single "See Also" concept under a temL and include the inti>rmati~m there. Filler A standard filter may be attached that is used as a que~ level filter. It temporarily replaces any existing query filter. Combination Fla~ If set to 'Yes', the query for a term is the combination of results of the queries of all lower levels of concept entries. Concept tr~s a~ maintained using the Concepts option of the ISYS Configuration menu. If no concepts have been defined, you will be taken immediately to lhe form to add a concept, shown in Figure 4.7. Normally, you will stm a maintenance activity by selecting from the Concepts Action menu, shown in Figure 4.5. ~is is called up by pressing F2. Figure 4.5 The Concepts Actions Menu Page 92 Page 93 Ouery-by-( 7oncel)l ']'rees A d x a need Query Concepts Action Menu The fi>llt~wing oplicms are available: Add a new entry. This uses the fi~rm illustraled in Figure 4.7. If you wish to attach a filter, set the filter 11 eld to 'Y'. This will then display the Filter tbrm. shown in Figure 4.6. Note lhal a single entry of" in the query field will set the query the same as the concept name. Once you have created a concept, you anus! specify where it is to positifmed. This is described below. Figure 4.6 Attaching a Filter to a Concept Advanced Query Query-by-( 'oucep! Trees Edit the concept on which you are curreully posilioa~ed. 'Fbis uses the form shown in Figure 4.7. You Illay also edit the filter. Figure 4. 7 Adding and Maintattling Concepts Move is used to alter the structure of the tree as it appears on the screen. blntries may be promotect or demoted in level of detail, or simply reorganized at the same level. The move function is described below. Delete may be performed against a single concept, ~r tim entire subtree under you curreul position. If you delete the current concept, any lower levels of detail are promt~tcd. If you delete the subtree, all lower levels are removed also. Find can be used to search within the concept trees to find an entry whose name ctmlains a specific string. The search is not case styelf it. Page 94 Page 95 Query-I}y-{ 'oncepl 'l'rees Advanced Query Moving Concepts The 'Move' function allows yt~u h~ rearrange the concepls on tile screen. You may change the level at which a concept is positionetl, move it fn~m lree lo tree, or sinrply reorganize concepts within the same level. To start a move. posilion on tile concept to move, and select 'Move' from the Concept Actions menu. Position lhe cursor over the concepl by which you want to position the concept you are moving, and press Enter. This will display the Insert menu, shown in Figure 4.8. From this, specify exactly where to F~silion the entry. To cancel a move, press Escape. Figure 4.8 Moving a Concept T,} exactly p~silion a concept, you select lhe appropriate option from the Insert menu. Before will position above the currenl concept, at the same level. After will position below the current concept, at ttlc same level. tinder w'ill position at a level below the current concept, at the top of all the more detailed entries. Saving the Concepts It' yon make L'hall~eN It> the concept tress, y~u will be prompted whether Io save the changes. This uses the staudartl ISYS File Saleorion nlenus. The trees are stored in a file callctl ISYS.S('T. Page 96 Advanced Query Query.I}y.('~nt. tl~l 'l'rt!cs 4.33 Using the Concept Trees The purpose of setting up tile concept trees is t~> all~w users the chance t{~ use Query by-('{mccpl to access inti~rmation through the iudcx dalabasc. The 'Query by-Cimccpl' opli~m from the ISYS Query menu displays the trees thal Ilavc been set up. The top window displays Ihc conccpl lrccs. The Information window shows any inti~rmalion lines, and any attaclled query. l'he scrolling keys described above move around tile concept tree(s). To select a concept fi~r query, use the Enter key. To display the Concept Query menu, use the F2 key. Concept Query Menu Tfis is illustrated in Figure 4.9. The title of the menu is tim name of the current concept. Figure 4,9 Concept Query Menu Query takes the query tBr the current concept and uses il to search lhe dalabasc index, as described lyelow. This is equivalent to pressing Enter while br~wsing the tree. Find can be nscd to search within the concept lrces to find an entry whose name c~nlains a spccilic string. The search is not case specific. Show is equivalcut to the Tab key. It expands out all detailed levels below the current concept. Hide is equivalent to the BackSpace key. II conlracts and hides all lower levels of clelail. Page 97 Qucry-by-( 'onccpl 'l'rccs Advanced Query Find all documents that contain Once you select a c~nccpl t~ use as a query, a seconcl menu is displaycol, as sho~n in Figure 4. IO Advanced Query Query-Ily-(7onccl}| 'l'recs ISYS will process any 'And' term first, or a 'Not' term last. The clif'f'crcnl parts {>f the cluckS/arc displayed as well as the Hit last. If a conccpl has hecn dctincd as lhc c{~mbinali~n ~ff all h~wcr level terms, each of the lower level concepts are I{~calcd, and all lhc rcsulls displayed in tile Document List. If the 'And' term cannot he located, ISYS will not pert'orm the rest of the search, since there is n~ way thal any of the doet~n~ents could satisfy the user requesl. Figure 4. I0 Find all Docutnents that Contain ,,, Fhis gives you an opportunity to include your own term that may be combined with the standard :luery. The term may be a simple word or multi word phrase, and may make use of truncation ~nd c{~nl]ation. And allows you to specify a term that must also be in the docun~ents located. Not allows y~u lo specil'y a term that must m~t be in the docu~ents located. Figure 4,11 Processing a Concept in a Query I'age 98 Page99 Qucr)-by-( 'oncel}l Trees Advanccd Quer,v 4.3.4 Syntax of ISYS.SCT Figure 4.12 below shows a sample of the Stored Concept Tree file. This may be edited using an ASCII editor or generated programmatically. Each concept is described by a number of keyword-description pairs, one to a line. It is recommended that a blank line is inserted between concepts. tipper and lower case will be maintained in the descriptive portions. The following keywords may he used. Title I ~evel Query ()Red [nfo PathContains PathOmils NamelAke NameUnlike DatedBefore !)aledArter The name of the concept to display on the screen. The level of detail. More detailed entries should be listed immediately after the concept under which they are to appear. Up to six levels NAMES. TMP e IP! cctllllllalld lil]c parameter may be combined with other pal*all]cters, such THCONTAINS to limit lhe search to a specitic set of documents, TITLES to obtain document es instead of file n:`m~es, SORT to control the sequence of the result, or CONTEXTLINES vern the scope of conlext processing. Dne to tim riotmess of syntax provided in the search .~cification language, lhe IPI parameler must be the last parameter specified on the command e ~ with lhe exception of :`my I)OS redirecliou operator: IQ PATHCONTAINS=NEWS CONTEXT=MANAGE* /10/ BONUS >X.TMP ~e DefinRion FHe I par:`m~eters may also he specified in lhe definitiou file, norm~tlly ISYSDEF. This can be used to ercome the limitations of the length of the DOS comm:`md line. For example, a request for cun~ent n:`m~es could he included in the clefinition file as an entry: NAMES=MANAGE * / / BONUS ~rm:`dly. Ibis should not he included in the main definition file. The better strategy is to tablish an actditional file that contains the desirect IPI request. and indicate to ISYS lhat this oulct also be rcacl by inclucling a "DEF=" comm:`md line parameter. For example, if the above try is held iu a file named II'l.l)liF. the commancl iQ D~F=IPT.DEF ill cause ISYS lo rcacl the adctitional file. anti iucludc the IPI reqncst with the standard tstomizalions kept i, the norm:`tl ctefinilion file. Chapter 8 describes the loading strategy nployecl by ISYS for teatling clcfinitiou files. OS redircclion c:`m bc includcct on the command liue IQ DEF=IPI.DEF > DOCS.LIS age 1(14 ,ll =1 I Advanced Query I,%1'N Pro~rammiu.~ Inlerfilce 4.43 Calling the IPI Applications thai will use the ISYS IPI facility should do so .~asing the "rtlll [)OS command" facility provided in most application sot~lwarc aud pn~gram~ing I:`mguagcs, for cxumple Ix~lus I-2-3, dBASE and Paradox. The application program is responsible fi>r invoking ISYS: specil'ying the search and auy redirection: and manipulating the output in the approprialc manner. ISYS is resp{msible l'or processing the query and sentling the selected result to the D()S stand:`trcl otllpul. example, in dBASE, the command would take the li~rm of: RUN IQ NAMES = &QUERY > TRANSFER.TMP This would cause ISYS to execute the search specification conruined in the dBASE variable QUERY, and store the Document List in the file TRANSFERTMP. The dBASE application can then read that file, and determine what to do willl the information passed across. In this example, Ihc t~ilenames may be sorted by lhe number of hits, the resulttug list displayed Io the user, aud the word processor called up to edit a selected file. The IPI gives the application programmer basic building blocks with which to develop integrated syslems. This is different to using ISYS as a TSR, during which time the underlying soflwarc cannot be aware of the searches that are being perti~rmcd, or lhc results of those searches. Page I1}5 ISYS Programming !nterfi~ce Advanced Query TIlls section gives an example of the way in which hybrid systems may be developed, to take advantage of the best features of both traditional struclurcd database and full text retrieval. The database system used to illustrate this example is dBASE Ill, however, most of the structured systems can be used in a similar fashion. The IP1 is particularly appropriate to application builders using structured databases, as the results of an ISYS search can be imported back into the database, and processed by an application program. For example, consider the code shown below, which assumes that text residing in dBASE Ill memo fields has been indexed. SEARCH = SPACE(40) @10,10 SAY "ENTER A SEARCH COMMAND: " @10, COL() GET SEARCH ! IQ NAMES= &SEARCH >IQOUTPUT. TXT USE IQINPUT ZAP APPEND FROM IQOUTPUT; FOR ' . DBF ' $ DBASE_FILE ; DELIMITED WITH BLANK Figure 4.13 Sample dBASE Code Calling the IP! Advanced Query ISYS Programming Interface This code fragment makes the dBASE database names, record numbers, field names and idenlifying information available to the application program in the database IQINPtJT, where that database has been predefined with the structure shown below. Y~ur application program can then take what ever action is required to display the results, soleel a dBASE record, SEEK to it, and SO On. Field Field Name Type Width I DBASE_FILE Character 20 2 RECNO Numeric 6 3 FIELD_NAME Character 12 4 IDENT_INFO Character 20 ** Total ** 59 Dec Figure 4. 14 Structure of dBASE Record in/QINPUT Corresponding techniques may be used from other languages or applications to import the query results and load them into a useful data structure. It is the responsibility of the application developer to maintain the relationship between data stored in the structured data file, and data stored in text files. Usually some form of naming convention is sufficient. It is not essential to use a database system that supports "text" fields. If dBASE I11 were not being used the text information could be stored in normal ASCII or word processor files, with the database application holding the name of each dcx:t~ment in a field within the structured record. To create or edit the text intBm~ation, the application could "shell out" to the word processor. Page 106 Page 107 I~'~ I'ro~4ramming Interface Advnnced Qut'r,~ 4.4.5 Word Processor Integration The ability t<~ tzsc ISYS in ~I'SR m{~dc. or alternatively use the i)ynamic I)<~cttmcnl Aclivati~n l'eaturc means that m~st applicati{~ns wt~uld n{lt use the IPI with a word pr~ccssing package. Ih~wcver, some of the word pr{~essors available today Ilave powerful macro languages with progranulating lauguage tyW facilities. S~m~e users are setting up higl~ly aulolnated texl management systems nsing word processor i~acr~s. This section gives an example of the use {ff the IPI with WordPerfect 5.1 macros. '1'~'~'~ macros are dcfined, Q, ti~t' Query, which results in a list of document nan~es, and L, for !,oad, which retrieves the selected file. The Q macro is shown below in Figure 4.15. It prompts for an ISYS Query, and uses the "Go To DOS" fi:ature to call the IPI and place the document names into a temporary file called NAMES. I)AT. This is read illl~> l)ocumcnt 2, and a message displayed, telling the user to move lhe cursor onto the name of tile doctllllellt to retrieve. {DISPLAY OFF} {TEXT}l-Enter. ISYS.search.==>.- {Switch}{Exit}nn {Shell}C IQ.NAMES={Varl}.>NAMES.DAT{Enter}{Enter} {Retrieve}names.dat{Enter} {Replace}n.{Search}{Search} {Home}{Home){Up} {Replace}n({Search}{Tab}({Search} {Home}{Home}{Up} {Bold}Move.cursor.to.the.name.of.the.file.to.load. Press.n{Bold} {Enter}{Enter} Figure 4. 15 WordPerfect Macro Calling the !!'I Page 108 Advanced Query ISYS I'r,~firam:siing Ifitt'rl'at't' N~Ie thal lhc Q macrt~ uses lhc "('~mnland" <~plion ~1' "(;t~ To I){~s". which inlr{~Juced in WordPcffecl 5. I. The L macro is very simple. It is sh~wn hclt~w in Figure 4.16. TIm macr{~ highli~hls name of the file, and assigns this to the 9 key. 'Fhe docus'nenl is then retrieved using the 9 key enter the name of the file. {DISPLAY OFF} {Block){Word Right}{Left} {Macro Command}A9 {Exit}nn {Retrieve}{VAR 9}{Enter} Figure 4. 16 WordPerfect Macro to Select a !)ocument Note that this uses the "Retrieve" t~cility of Wordl'erfcct. TIm docmnent name must bc either absolute -- that is, specified in full -- or correctly specified relative t~ the users current directory. To avoid problems in loading files, it is better to create an abs{~lute database. Page 109 Advanced Display As well as lhe basic search anti display functions, ISYS Query ofl'ers extra facilities fi~r those who wish to be adventurous, or need more from a Full Text Rclrieval prodnet. This assumes that you are familiar with the display concepts covered in the ISYS Easy Start Guide. Context lists, copy & paste, a clipboard, dynamic document activation, filters on file name and date, graphics and text am~otations, extract-prints and dynamic hypertext are all described in this chapter. -i- Page 110 Page 111 Advanced Menu Ad~nccd Menu Advan~,ed l)isplay Once a search has c~mplelcd, yotl are presenletl wilh a till Lisl and a l)octlulcnl I~isl. Br~wsing Ihe Hil l,ist anti elisplaying documenls is explained in lhe ISYS User Manual. Addilional facililics are accessed lhrough Ihc Advanced menu. l~t display this menu. shown in Figure 5.1, press the functinn key F2 while browsing the Document or Hit List. Figure 5.1 The Advanced Menu Add Query to Saved transfers your query to the Saved Query form, and you may enter a name. To cancel Ihe operation, press Escape. S,rt gt~ven~s lhe order in which document names are displayed ~m the D~umenl Lisi. Context displays. fi~r each document on the list. l~om your current d/~'ument onwards, each line in which your search lem~ is fi~und. and the ctm/ext of the hi/. Names allows you 1o save tim Docun~ent List to ClipBoard, Io a file, or print it. Saving Documenl I.ist to disk means thai you have the capacity to include it iu documents you are cuffenlly w~rking on wilh your word processor, load it inlo your spreadsheet, or even import it iulo your database. tilt List allows y~u to save lhc Itil List lo ClipBoard, to a file, or print it. Saving the Hit l,isl to disk mea~s that you have the capacity to include il in documents you arc currently working on with your word processor, load il inlo your spreadsheet. or even impo~ it into your database. age 112 Filter cuts down the number of clocu~ents tm the I)ocumcnt l.ist. based t~n file name and date. preferences displays the Preferences menu, which is a collection ~f options that most users will wish to set on an individual basis. 5.1.1 : Output Menu Selecting a context list, hit list or document list from the Advancetl menu will theart that ISYS displays the information somewhere. To determine where Io put the informlttitm. ISYS uses the Output menu, as shown in Figure 5.2. Figure 5.2 The Outpat Menu Screen displays the infi}rmation in a browse windrow. The n{~rmal keys may be used t~ scroll the display. Printer copies the information to your printer. The definititms set up under Prcfcrcnccs arc used 1o define how to drive the prinler. !)isk File saves the information to disk. 'Fhis uses a directory selection window t~ determine the name of the file and the drive / directory t~ be used. If directory restriction has been applictt, this will be limited to that area. ClipBoard will append the infi~rmation to the ISYS ClipBoard. I'age I 13 Advanced Menu Advanc~d Display The context command displays, for every doculnent on the list, the name of the document, each line in which your search tem~ is found, and a line either side, to give you the context in which the term is used. The Context List starts at the docnment on which you ~e ~sitioned on the Document List. Figure 5.3 shows a sample of a (Yontext List. Figure 5.3 Sample Context List The amount of information that is displayed in a Context List is governed by the context scope. This is configurable, and may be changed from the "Preferences" option of the Advanced menu. if displayed on the screen, the Context List is shown in the Browse window. You may press Escape to halt the process. If you send the output to the printer, write it in a file or send attach it to the ClipBoard, the complete list is transferred immediately. The query that caused the retfieval is also transferred. AdvancedDisplay Advanced Men~ ~~~~~!/l~py A~ions Menu : :;!:!"~:!;' ' VV']len viewing the Context, Document and Slit i~ists m the screen. pressing ~c F2 key brings up the Copy Actions menu, as shown in Figure 5.4. Figure 5.4 Copy Actions Menu This menu allows you to make a copy of the inli>rmation that has been disphiycd so thr, and save il in a disk file, send it to the printer; or attach it to the ClipBt~ard. To continue viewing the information on the screen, select the "Quit" option. Page 114 Page Filler ou I)ocumenls and I)ireclorie~ Advanced I)isplay ~j,'Vhen a clarabase is created, you have the option Io nominalc which documents in which direcl~rics are lo be indexed by ISYS. Searches then include all fl~ese documents as candidales for the resuhing D~umem List. 5.2.1 Why u~ a Fi~ ':::~ From time to time, you may want to inclnde only a subset of these documems, because you know certain files and directories will ~ more (or less) relevant. For example, in the ~rsonnel placement industry, you may have a slmcture under your word priessing main dimclo~ thai holds profiles of your business clients in CI.IENT, with resumes of contractors in RESUMES. ~ose who prefer shofi contracts may be in files called name.(?NT, those seeking permanent placement are in name. PRM, and those who have no preference in name. RES. Figure 5.5 Sample Directory Structure Page 116 Advanced I)isplay Filter on i)ocun~ents and I)irectories Gcncral correspondence sits under CORRI!s, dividctl into ycarly directories, such as 19,)1}. It,~91, 19~12. 19{)~ anti so on. This structure is illuslralctl in Figure 5.5. Alth~mgh you have instmcled ISYS to index all these files, you may not want documents in lhe {I I[(NTS and CORRES directories retrieved when looking for a c{~nlractor who fits a cerlain i~n ~ti le. ISYS allows you lo set a filter. specifying that a search should be satisfied by docun~ents in certain directories, or having a particular type of name. ISYS provides four distinct filters which can be used in four distincl ways. The filters may be set fi~r an entire session, so that it affects all searches; at the ISYS Query menu, so that it afli~cts a series of searches; allached to a concept tree entry, to affect that search; or at the D~K:unlent last, so that it affects the results of a particular search. The filter for a session is included on the command line when 1SYS Query is started, or in the definition file, and allows a simple but effective form of "partifioning" to be implen~ented by a system administrator using balch files or front-end menus. Filters against a concepl tree entry are created when the concept true is maintained. During a session, the other two filters can be set using the Filter fi>rms, which are available on the ISYS Query main menu and the Advanced menu. The Filter Form is shown in Figure 5.6. Figure 5.6 The Filter SpeciTwation Form Page 117 Filler o:l I)oeumflfis unl I)ireclories Advanced I)isplay The l~p fielois allow specificatignter or FIO. File Specification The "Contains" and "Omits" fields allow you to specify strings that nlust (or nlust not) appear in the complete filename, including the directory nanms. Figure 5.5 above shows the directory structure that is used in the foll<>wing examples. 'Fo include only those files with the character string 'RES' in their complete filename specification, euter RI:S in the "Contains" field. Note that this will include files in the RESUMES directory, in and under ('ORRES, as well as any otl~er files contaiuing 'RES' in their filename. If there are a number of subdirectories of docun~ents indexed, you may specify that certain ones should be includecl or excluded. To locate only correspondence, enter CORRES in the "File Spec Contah~s" field. To exclude correspondence, enter this in the "Omits" field instead. A more complex filter could locate correspondence, e.~cq~l 1990 or 1991, by using both the "Contains" and "Omits" fields. Enter CORRES in the "Contains" field, and 19c)0;19c)1 in the "Omits" field. Note the two entries are separated by a semi-colon. Remember that a given file will be passed through the "File Spec Contains" filter if the ;:haracters you specify appear anywhere in the full name of the file, as displayed in the Document List. For the "File Spec Omits" filter, the reverse is true. If both the "Contains" and "Omits" filters are activated, then the document must pass bolh tests in order to be selected. File Names You may specify filenames to be explicitly included in or excluded from the result. This may be ~n addition to a elirectory and date range specification. Fhese fields may use the '*' and '?' wild cards, with the conventional DOS meaning. That is, '*' ~atches with any mm~ber of characters, and '?' matches with any single character. Using the Jirectory structure in Figure 5.5 above as an example, we could locate only people interested in ~ermanent placement by specifying ,.PRM in the "File Name Like" field. Alternatively, to .~xclude those people ouly interested in short contracts, enter ,.CNT in the "Unlike" field. For more complex requirements, combine the use of "Like" and "Unlike". If both are used, then both must be passed before the doct~ment will be selected. More than one option can be entered in each field, separated by semi-colons. Page 118 Advanced I)isplay Filler on Ih~ctm~ents and I)irectories Date Range The date range refers to the MS-I)OS date associated wilh each file. N~~rm~lly this is the date on which the cloct~ment was createcl, or last etlitcd. The clare is made up of three fields or' two digits --- month Ohm), day (dd) and year lyy). The date fields are displayed in the order that DOS uses. Nortotally, this is nrm/dd/yy {North American). To change lhe DOS defaull, set a (7OtJNTRY para~eter in your ('()NFI(i.SYS file. Refer to your DOS manual for more information ou couutry cotles aud the CONFI(;.SYS file. To place a filter such that only d{~cu~nents created or edited after the first of July. 1990 are included in yt~nr search result. enter c~ in the "yy" field, 7 {~r {n in the "ram" field and I or 01 in the "dd" field following "File Date After". lil include only those crealed/edited/~:l~t'e that date, enter the date in the "Before" field. MS-DOS m;ly accepts dates on or after January 1st, 1980. !)o not enter an earlier date. You may enter both a "Befi>re" and "After" date to specify a range. Figure 5.7 shows a filter fom't completed to specify that ouly letters (not memos) in 1992 last edited in June should be included in tim search result. Figure 5. 7 Completed FiBer Specification Form !'age 119 Filler on I)ocumenls anl I)irectorie~ Advanced Display ~;~ ~,,,~: Search Level Filter Using the form described abovc, y~u may set up a filter before enterillg a search expression. ISYS Query will then retrieve only those documents that satisfy both the Filter and t~ se~ch expression. ~is is done from the ISYS Query menu, by selecting lhe option "Filter Searches". ~is displays the Filter form described aN~ve. Once this is completed and accepted, the filter stays in effect until you finish your ISYS Session; or you enter a new filter at Search Ixvel; or you blank all the fields to clear the filter. On subsequent searches, ISYS will display the message "Filtered" at the top of the Document List to remind you that you are not viewing the ~sult of an entire database search. This message only appears if your filter settiugs actually caused some documents to k rejecmd. For extremely large databases (muhi-million word databases), setting a search filter may make ISYS perform more quickly than fi~rcing it to retrieve all the documents and then skipping the ones you do not want. I Advanced i)isplay Viller on I)o{'tlmenls aml I)irech~ries 5.2.4 Document List Filter Sume searches may rcsull in a very large iltl~nber ~ff cloctllllellls being I{~calecl, whether you hilve a filter in effecl at tim Search Level <~r n,,l. In this case, y~u may ctecidc h~ apply a filter on the Documenl List, st~ that ISYS produces a smaller list fi'om which to browse. The Advanced menu, accessible through ftmclion key F2, has au ~>plH~n "Filter Rcsulls". Tl~is displays the Filter form in which you may specit~ your requirements. Tl~is is inde~ndent o1' any search level filter that may be currently in efl~ct. Once you have entered and accepled your Docun~ent List filter. ISYS nam~ws down the lisl according to your criteria. There are four possible results, a smaller list results, in which cas6 ISYS displays "Filtered" at lhc h~p of lhc l){~cument List: or the list is unchanged, in which case "Filtered" is not displayed, and you may decide enter a different filter: or you have made an emir in lhe filter fi~rm, such as enlering an invalid dale. ISYS will warn you of the error and re-display the tiller form tier you to co~ect the mistake; or no docun~ents are left on the lisl once the 1ilter is applied. In this case a warning message is displayed. and lhe Filter form re-displayed once you press Enter. Ellher change your liller. or blank out lhe fields that may have caused the problem. A filler al the Document List level does not affect the search result, .just Ihe number documents displayed in the Documcnl List. You may change your filter at d~is level as many times as you like. ISYS will apply lhe filler to the complete search result each time. If you blallk out the filter, ISYS will return Io the original search results. Ouce you return to the Search ti~m~ from lhc D{~ument and Hit Ijst level. any document level filler is discarded. If you decide lhat you would like to keep this filter tier all searches, retnrn the ISYS Query menu. and enler the filter al lhe search level. This is described above. Page 121} Page 121 I)ocumenl Iiandlin~4 Nlenu Advauced l)isplay The t~hcr t~ptitms arc c~mtvt~ilcd by whcthcF y',~u are making all I/~c ~>pti~ms will necessarily bc present. Ann~lations arc dcscribccl in detail in the Ilc'xl secli~m. t View Annotation will display the lcxl anllolalion. t View Graphic Image will display a graphic image that is linked to the clocumcnl. I View Activation will pcrfitrm the activation script Chyper-activity") set up. I Create/Edit Annexration allttws you to attach and edit text annotations. This is described below. Create/Edit Graphic lank allows you to link one or more graphic images wid~ the docunlenl. This is describcct below. Create/Edit Activation lank allows you to specify a call to an external program. This is described below. 5.3.1 Annotations SYS allows you to attach ann~lations to a document via links, These may be to a text annotation tie, to a graphics image, or to a l)[)A-lype script, called an hyper-activity. These are created vhile browsing the document, and stored in a file with the same name as the document. and an xtension of ANN. Normally this is stored in lhe same directory as the document. However, you nay set these up on a different drive, by changing the annotation drive in the ISYS ?onfigurati~m prt~gram. The annotation file will not be indexed by ISYS. Advanced i)isplay I)octmlcnt Ilandlin~Z Nitrot Creating Links The simplest form of' link is a text annotation. T~ create a text annt~tatit~n Select "Create/Edh Annotation" fi'om the l)t~cumcnt Browse menu. Move the cursor to the position against which to create tim link. 1SYS will display a red triangle at that position. Type the annotation (up to 4 lines) into the artre>ration ~x that is displayed on the screen. An example is shown in Figure 5.10. Once the annotation is complete, a symbol is displayed on the screen to show that there is a link in the document. This !ink marker is a yellow triangle (4~). Figure 5. !0 Entertrig a Text Anttotatio. Graphics links and hyper-activities are created in the same fashion. Instead of typing text int~ a box, you enter the name of an image file to create a graphic link. More informati~m abonl graphics links is given below. age 124 Paine 12:, I)ocum'nl Ilandlin~ Mcnt: Ad~a:~ced I)ispl~y Hyper-Activities Et (_'rcalc ;.111 hypcr ;,,.'li:'ily..vc>u t_'lller litteL' pieces of inli,'n~alictn i111o the f)rlll illuslral~_.ct in :igurc 5. I I - the clirccl~ry h~ change t~: the pn~gram t~ n~n: ;tntt any keystrokes to generate. Figu re 5. ! 1 Create/Edit A cfivation l, ink 7his creates a mini-I)l)A scripl. The keywords that may be used in a DDA script are delailed in hose listed in the table of word processor fi~rmat keywords, Chapter 7. ~.ctivating Links SYS activales the different types of links in different ways. Depending on the links that are 'isible on the screen, it will add opd~)ns to the Docun~ent Browse menu. If you select the option . "View Annanation". il will display the text box and lines of' infi~rmation. If you select the View Graphic" oplion, ISYS will either use ils own viewer to display the in~age on lhe screen. tausing nntil you press any key, or run lhe I)DA script lhat you established for the external :raphies viewer. If you select the "View Activation" option, it will run lhe I)DA script that yon et up as the hyper-activity. shortcut to activaling the link is to simply press the F4 key while browsing lhe docnment. If ,nly one link is visible. Ihat will be activated. If more than one link is visible, you will be ~rompted to position the curs~r over the link that you wish to activate. z~ It will be cnnfnsing fi~r users if you attach many links in a dncument. Position them such that the link marker is near relevant text, so that there is an indicalinn of ~ lvn~ nf lin~ lh~t W~ ~ ~tivated. Advanced I)isplay Ih}ctmsenl Itan{llin~ Nlcnn 5.3.2 Graphics Links ISYS supports two ways of linking gr;tphics in~agcs with a ch~cumcnt, either indirectly or clirectly. The indirccl method is based on lhe name of the d~cUmcnl anti the name of the graphics image. The direct method allows the user lo specify one ~r more image files as a graphic ann~)tation, as described above. Graphics Viewer When you installed ISYS, you specified the type of graphics files that you would wish to view ~ PCX. GIF or EXTERNAL. ISYS has its owu viewer for PCX anti GIF files. The ISYS viewer supports up to VGA resolufion. Modes supported include 320 X 200 X 256 color and ('~10 X 48{) X 16 color, and most lower resolutions. If yon want higher resolution, or you have a difl'erent graphics fi~rmat, you will have to supply your own viewer program, and set up a I)DA scripl fi)r this. This is done by setting up the DDA definition fi~r the External Graphics Viewer, either in the Configuration program, or "Options/DDA" from the Query main menu. If the External Graphics Viewer is not listed on the I)I)A menu. you illllsl acid it t~ your list of File Types in the Configuration program. ~ ISYS will not run the external prol~ram when in TSR mnde. Linked by File Name TIm linking by file name is the simplest to set up. ISYS simply looks fi)r a file that malches tim name of the document, with an extension of your defined graphic type. For example, if you specified that your graphics type is PCX. and you are browsing the document (':\WPDATAXNI:,WBI,I)G\PI,AN3NOT, and there is a file called C:\WPI)ATAXNEWBL[)GXPI.AN3.t,CX, ISYS anlomatically links these two. This supports a one-lo-onc graphics link only. For many-to-many links you must create explicit annot~tions as described below. Note that ISYS tifflows the annotation drive specification. ~age 126 Page 127 )oelllllrL'111 tlandlill~ Menu Advaneed I)isplay 3raphics Annotation Link (t~tl may tietide to directly link images with documents, either because you do not hold in~ages nil tl~'tllllents together, or bccatlse yotl wish to ass{}ci~ite ~uorc Illall olle image with ollc or more tics. In this case, select "Creatc/Edil Graphic" from the Document Browse menu. This is cscribcd above, and illustrated in Figure 5.12. Figure 5.12 Create/Edit Graphics Link lore than ~me image file may be linked to any d{~cument. The same image file may be linked to ~ore than one document. The image file must k in the ti>rmat that you specified as your 'aphics li~rn~al. 'iewing Graphics /hen browsing a document, the F4 key acts as a "display graphic/annotation" key. !f there is no -aphic ~r anm~tafitm ~m the curtoni screen, but there is a link by tile name, ISYS will display ,at graphic image. s well as the ability tt~ view graphics when browsing a document, you may display an indirectly aked graphic fr~m lhe l){~ctm~c~t Lisl, by pressing F4. If there is no linked graphic, ISYS will :tivate the tioctlnlelll illslead, rising the DDA script tier the appropriate word processor. a~e 128 1~Advanced I)isplay ,'qeleclcd Text Actions Nlenu There are a Ilulllbcr ~t' lext maniptiktli~m li.'altlres within ISYS, stlch as C~py & Pasle aud I)yna~nic tlypertext, that work on portit~t~s of documents, rather than the entire Icx|. The pr{~ccss of iudicating the text that is to be used in the operation is referred to as selecting text. Once an area of text has been selected, one of' lhe features that process a porlion of text may be chosen. Selecting Text Text can be selected either from a document lhat is being browsed, ~r from lhe current session clipboard. To star selecting text, press the F2 key to pop up a menu, and choose the "Select" ~ption. Alternatively, pressing lhe '/' key indicalcs that you wish to starl,,a text selection operation. You may cancel the selection by pressing the Escape key. Once y~m have selected the text, the Selected Text Actions menu is displayed, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. During the highlight operation, the Left and Right arrow keys may also be used. Ri~ht/l~efi Move one character position forwards/backwards. Ri~ht/Left Move t{~ lhc star {ff the i'~cxl/prcvi~ls word. Figure 5.13 Selected 7~xt Actions Menu Pallle 129 cored Text Acfio;~ Mem~ Advanced I)isplay Print will send the highlighted text to tile priutcr. It is printed as it is sccn t~n the street1, that is. font changes. embedded graptlics etc. are not includctl. Save tn l)isk will write an ASCII file, regardless t~f the formal ol' the ~riginal d~cument. The file may be in the same directory, a different direclory. or even ~u a different disk. ISYS uses a File Selection menu to determine where the docunleut should be copied. The resultant ASCll file may be printed at a later stage. imported into a spreadsheet. or database, or back into the original word processor. Refer to your word processor mauual fi~r detailed illl~3rmatioll on importing AS(711 files. Retain on ClipBoard copies the highlighted text to the 1SYS ChpBoard. described in the ISYS User Manual. Hypertext uses the highlighted text as the basis for an hypertext search, described below. Exact Search uses the highlighted text as a search expression, exactly as it appears. Paste copies the text to the paste bufi'er, and exits the ISYS Query program. This facility is mly available in TSR mode. i'age Atv:mncel I)isl}la.~ II.~pcrlext TIle term "hypenext" has been used iu ma~ly different coutexts. Withiu ISYS. tile term refers t~ a relalicmship betweeu differcut d~cuments, based ou similar contents. The dynamic hypertext feature offers you the ability to highlight words t~r phrases within a br~v~Isetl documeut and locate all ~ther th~ct~ments containing those words or phrases. This means that effectively au infinilc number of linkages exist between docu~nents, and their defiuili~m is ill the hands ~f the query user. The linkages do not exist in any physicill form. and do m~l have 1o be created in advauce. They are generaled as required, and are hence dynamic. 5.5.1 Dynamic Hypertext I~ use dynamic hypertext, highlight a portion }t' text within the document currently being browsed, then cht>ose "Hypefiext" frlm~ the Selected l~xt Actions menu. II is usually best ,just higlllight one or two words or a sho~ phrase. ISYS will autou~tically discard any cemlmon words and insiguif'icanl punctuati~n fr{HII tile lexl you have identified. build a search conlmand. and execute it for y~u. The search that is coustrucled will locate docuu~ents that contaiu all the significant words, ~r their c{mfiatcd fi~rms, within a paragraph t~f each ~,~ther. For example. it' you select the phrase pamlas are in dan.~.,er ~/' e rtitz~'lit,z ah,t.g u'illl their habitell. the resullant Hyperlext query would be PANDAS- \\ DANGER- \\ EXTINCTION- \\ HABITAT- assun~ing that 'are'. 'in', 'of'. 'along'. 'with' and 'their' are all comm{m words. Exact Search Cht>osing the "Exact Search" option fr{m~ the Selected Text Actions menu causes ISYS to c{~py lhe texl back to the search request buffer. ISYS does not strip out common words or reserved wor~ts. For example. if you highlighl the phrase 'fear and loathing'. ISYS will perfi~rm the search FEAR AND LOATHING This shonld be c<>ntrasted with an hypertext query. xvhere the phrase would have become FEAR- \\ LOATHING- 2~> An ISYS search is limited to 255 characters. I)o not hip, hliRht mnre text than can be used in a query. Page 131 pertext Advanced I)isplay Static Hypertext c ISYS appr~ach of dynamic hypertext is, we believe, far snpcrh~r tt~ conventional static pertext. c~mvcnli~nal hypcrtext, the user is reliant upon some other person having set complete and ~ropriate linkages between documents. Oflen this person will not have the same view of the a as the eventual user; or the links may have been established some time ago and the premises 'doing so are no longer valid; or new malerial may not have been adequately assimilated and ked to old n~aterial. The task of designing, today, what someone else will be interested in mths or years later, is simply one that cannot be achieved reliably. This is why ISYS plen~ents dynamic hyperlext ~ giving virtual linkages that are dynamic and infinite, and ntrolled by the final user. ~wever, some need i~r static Linkages may still exist. This takes the form of a database minislralor asserting "see also" clauses within a document. For example. a user may be >wsing a retrieved docu~nent on one topic, and the database administrator may have inserted a mmenl that the user may also like lo view a set of other documents related in some way. /nantic hypcrtext uses doctm~ent content to make these linkages. but the database administrator ty have relationships in mind that are independent of document content. He or she may wish to grams may be accessed from ISYS Menu. or by invoking tim II)B program direoily. ISYS Menu has been designed to make using ISYS as simple as possible. The ttirect approach may be used if you are trying to liuk ISYS in with existing meuu systems. 'Fhc ISYS Ulilities menu is shown below. ================================================================= If this is a copyrighted work, you are acknowledging by receipt of this document from FACTNet that on the basis of reasonable investigation, you have not been to obtain a copy elsewhere at a fair price, and that you are and will abide by the following copyright warning. WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS: The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photo copies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified by law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. FACTNet reserves the right to refuse to accept an order for copying or other duplication, or delivery of copied or duplicated material if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. ------------------------------------------------------------------- CARD CATALOG ENTRY DOS FILENAME OF TEXT FILE: E:\PCB\GEN\FILES\GENUTIL\EH.TXT DOS FILENAME OF IMAGE FILES: ADMINISTRATIVE CODE: SECURITY CODE: DISTRIBUTION CODE: NAME FOR BBS: SORT TO: CONTRIBUTOR: LOC. OF ORIG: NOTES: For additional verification see image files contained in the file with same name and .ZIP extension. UPDATED ON: UPDATED BY: =================================================================